feat: 独立词库、三向认词与当日快闪复习

## 独立词库

理解词原先只能跟着课程单元走，学完 A0 十课词汇量只增加约 22 个实词，
不足以解决"记不住单词"。新增一份独立词库 assets/words/wordbank.json
（2748 词，A1–B1），挂进 receptiveWordRegistry 的合成单元 bank-A1/A2/B1，
完全复用理解词已有的状态机，不依赖课程进度，第一天就能用。

数据来源、许可与合成规则记在 tool/words/DATA-NOTE.md：CEFR-J 定等级、
公开词书提供音标、AI 重写全部释义并生成例句、OpenSubtitles 提供口语词频。
词书部分为 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 且上游权利不明，仅供个人非商用；
若要分发或上架，须替换音标那一列。

## 背单词机制

- 间隔阶梯 1/3/7/15/30/60/120 天，连续答对上一级，答错回第一级。
  原先首次答对后要等 7 天才复习，正是"第二天就忘"的成因。
- 每日新词上限（10 分钟 8 个 / 20 分钟 15 个 / 30 分钟 20 个）。
  阶梯第一级是次日，今天引入的新词就是明天的工作量。
- 新词按口语频率发放，不再按字母序 —— A1 从 a.m./ability 变成 no/not/know/just。
- 三个方向按层级轮转：看词（英→中）→ 听词（音→中）→ 想词（中→英）。
  想词题仍是选择题，不要求产出，理解词定位不变，不进升级分母。
- 单词页独立成 tab，首页今日任务卡下方给一张认词入口卡。

## 用法对照

课程 JSON 增加 usage 字段（when/reply/swap/confuse）：一个句型用在什么场合、
对方通常怎么答、还能怎么说、跟哪个学过的句型容易混。
知道 How are you? 的意思，不等于知道它不是用来问名字的。

## 复习流

- 当日快闪（recap）独立成队列，不占复习预算，也不计入积压。
- 只发放当日预算内的量，其余保持到期状态等下次，不悄悄丢弃或改期。
- 答错的项隔几题后回来，而不是立刻重问。

测试 296 通过，flutter analyze 干净。

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

Doc/LEARNING-ENGINE-SPEC.md

@@ -178,8 +178,16 @@ AI 对话中的词条必须来自当前允许语言范围，或是事先标为
 | 产出核心（会用） | 单元内容包中需要主动说、写的词、词块和句型；每单元 10–15 项 | 3.1–3.2 的五种状态和掌握规则 | 计入 |
 | 理解词（会认） | 听懂、看懂即可的词；每单元 A1 20–35 项、A2 30–50 项、B1 50–80 项 | 新学 → 认识 → 熟悉 | 不逐项计入；升级时抽查（4.2） |
 | 扩展词 | 听读材料中查过或多次出现、由用户加入复习的词 | 同理解词 | 不计入，也不参与升级抽查 |
+| 词库词 | 独立词库中该等级的词，不依赖课程进度 | 同理解词 | 不计入，也不参与升级抽查 |
 
-**学习流程**：单词不单独背，跟着单元场景学。
+**独立词库**：理解词只能跟着单元走，学完 A0 十课词汇量也只增加约 22 个实词，
+不足以解决“记不住单词”。因此另设一份独立词库（`assets/words/wordbank.json`），
+词表范围和等级由 CEFR-J Vocabulary Profile 决定，从第一天起全部可用。
+新词按**口语频率**发放（同等级内从最常用的开始），不按字母序。
+词库词与理解词共用同一套状态机和间隔阶梯，同样不进产出核心的升级分母。
+数据来源与许可见 `kouyu_english/tool/words/DATA-NOTE.md`。
+
+**学习流程**：会用的词不单独背，跟着单元场景学；会认的词另有独立入口。
 
 1. 会用的词：预热（只记“见过”）→ 在场景句中听辨 → 说、读、写的替换练习 → 受控对话中用出来 → 独立尝试 → 按 3.1 间隔复习，每次复习换语境（如从地铁站换到火车站）。
 2. 会认的词：不进预热，直接出现在教学段的听读材料里，首次出现可点开释义；教学段结束时做 2–3 道快速识别题，之后按下述理解词规则复习。
@@ -195,9 +203,29 @@ AI 对话中的词条必须来自当前允许语言范围，或是事先标为
 
 理解词规则：
 
-- 一次独立的听辨或阅读识别成功进入“认识”；至少间隔 7 天后，换题、换语境再次独立识别成功，进入“熟悉”，之后每 30 天抽查。
+- 一次独立的听辨或阅读识别成功进入“认识”。
-- 识别失败回到“认识”，次日换题复核；不做诊断降级。
+- 之后按间隔阶梯复习，每连续答对一次上一级：**1 → 3 → 7 → 15 → 30 → 60 → 120 天**，到 120 天封顶。
+  第四次连续答对且距首次“认识”已满 7 天，进入“熟悉”。最快需要 1+3+7＝11 天，
+  满足“至少间隔 7 天后再次识别成功”的要求。每次复习换题、换语境。
+- 识别失败回到阶梯第一级，次日换题复核；状态最多回到“认识”，不做诊断降级。
+- **三个方向轮转**：新词第一次、以及答错后的次日复核，用看词题（英→中）——
+  没见过拼写就先听音或先回想，都只是一串没有落点的声音。从第一次答对起按阶梯层级轮转：
+  **看词（英→中）→ 听词（音→中）→ 想词（中→英）**，每个词三条通道都要过。
+  只在纸面上认得的词，在口语里听不出来；只认得出、想不起来的词，用的时候不在手边。
+- 听词题只放音、不显示拼写，答完才一并给出拼写和音标，那一刻才是音与形对上的地方。
+  想词题给中文、从几个**拼写**里选，答完前不放音（放了就是念答案）。
+- 想词题**仍然是识别**，不是产出：从选项里认出来，不要求自己拼写或说出。
+  因此理解词的定位不变 —— 不计入产出核心的升级分母，也不走掌握五态。
+  选项之间互不同义（释义重合的词不作干扰项），否则一道题会有两个正确答案。
+- **每日新词上限**：按每日时长设定，10 分钟 8 个、20 分钟 15 个、30 分钟 20 个。
+  阶梯第一级是次日，今天引入的新词就是明天的工作量；没有上限时一次可以引入上百个词，
+  第二天全部到期砸回来，正是“记不住”的成因。上限只限制**新引入**，
+  到期复习和已引入但未作答的词不受限，中途退出的一轮下次可以接着做完。
 - 复习以 5–10 秒的快速识别题为主，可以成组出现，占复习预算不超过三分之一。
+  该上限约束的是插进复习流的识别题；用户主动打开的单词页不受此限。
+- **入口**：单词页有独立 tab，同时在首页今日任务卡下方给一张认词卡，显示今天该过几个词、
+  预计几分钟。认词与今日任务是并行的，不参与“今天最该做的一件事”的排序，
+  所以它单独占一行而不抢主卡；今天没题时缩成一行状态，但入口始终在。
 - 在听读材料中答对与某个理解词直接相关的理解题，可计一次该词的识别证据。
 - 后续单元把某个理解词列为产出核心时，保留已有识别证据，从“认识”开始走完整掌握流程。
 

kouyu_english/assets/courses/A0/a0-01.json

@@ -77,6 +77,17 @@
           "sentence": "I’m Tom.",
           "meaning": "我是 Tom。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "想让对方知道你叫什么，自我介绍的时候说。",
+        "reply": "对方通常回一句 Nice to meet you.",
+        "swap": "My name is Tom. 意思一样，正式一点。",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P02",
+            "note": "What's your name? 是问对方，I'm Tom. 是说自己；别人问了你才用这句回答。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     {
@@ -95,6 +106,24 @@
           "sentence": "What’s your name?",
           "meaning": "你叫什么名字？"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "你想知道对方叫什么名字。",
+        "reply": "对方会回 I'm Tom. 或 My name is Tom.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P01",
+            "note": "I'm Tom. 是回答，What's your name? 是提问；想知道对方名字才用这句。"
+          },
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P05",
+            "note": "How are you? 问的是对方今天状态好不好，不是名字；见面先问好，想认识对方才问名字。"
+          },
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P07",
+            "note": "What's your phone number? 问的是号码；两句都以 What's your 开头，区别全在后面那个词。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     {
@@ -112,6 +141,20 @@
           "sentence": "Nice to meet you.",
           "meaning": "很高兴认识你。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "刚认识、知道对方名字之后，说一句客气话。",
+        "reply": "对方会回 Nice to meet you, too.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P01",
+            "note": "I'm Tom. 是告诉对方你叫什么，Nice to meet you. 是知道名字之后才说的客气话。"
+          },
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P05",
+            "note": "How are you? 是在问状态，要回答好不好；Nice to meet you. 只是客气话，不用回答。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     }
   ],

kouyu_english/assets/courses/A0/a0-02.json

@@ -22,6 +22,20 @@
           "sentence": "How do you spell that?",
           "meaning": "那个怎么拼写？"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "听到一个词（多半是名字），但不确定怎么写。",
+        "reply": "对方会一个字母一个字母念给你听。",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P02",
+            "note": "What's your name? 是问对方叫什么，How do you spell that? 是已经听到了名字、只是不知道怎么写。"
+          },
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P20",
+            "note": "Please say that again. 是没听清、要对方重说；这句是听清了、只是不会写。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     }
   ],

kouyu_english/assets/courses/A0/a0-03.json

@@ -75,6 +75,16 @@
           "sentence": "How are you?",
           "meaning": "你怎么样？"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "见面打招呼，问对方今天好不好。",
+        "reply": "对方会回 I'm good. / I'm okay. / I'm tired.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P02",
+            "note": "What's your name? 问的是名字；见面先说 How are you? 打招呼，想认识对方才问名字。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     {
@@ -98,6 +108,17 @@
           "sentence": "I’m tired today.",
           "meaning": "我今天很累。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "别人问你 How are you? 的时候，说出你今天的状态。",
+        "reply": "说完可以反问一句 How are you?",
+        "swap": "熟悉的人之间也可以只说 Good. 或 Okay.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P01",
+            "note": "I'm Tom. 说的是名字，I'm tired. 说的是状态；I'm 后面放什么，看对方问的是哪一个。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     }
   ],

kouyu_english/assets/courses/A0/a0-04.json

@@ -237,6 +237,16 @@
           "sentence": "What’s your phone number?",
           "meaning": "你的电话号码是多少？"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "你想记下对方的电话号码。",
+        "reply": "对方会回 My number is 123.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P02",
+            "note": "What's your name? 问名字，这句问号码；都以 What's your 开头，听清后面的词再答。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     {
@@ -255,6 +265,16 @@
           "sentence": "My number is one-three-eight.",
           "meaning": "我的号码是一三八。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "别人问你电话号码的时候，把号码报出来。",
+        "reply": "对方多半会复述一遍跟你确认。",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P01",
+            "note": "I'm Tom. 回答的是名字，My number is 123. 回答的是号码。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     }
   ],

kouyu_english/assets/courses/A0/a0-05.json

@@ -93,6 +93,16 @@
           "sentence": "What’s this?",
           "meaning": "这是什么？"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "指着身边一样东西，问它叫什么。",
+        "reply": "对方会回 It's a book.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P02",
+            "note": "What's your name? 问的是人叫什么，What's this? 问的是东西是什么。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     {
@@ -118,6 +128,20 @@
           "sentence": "It’s a pen.",
           "meaning": "这是一支笔。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "别人指着一样东西问你那是什么，你来回答。",
+        "reply": "对方可能接着问 How do you spell that?",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P09",
+            "note": "What's this? 是问，It's a book. 是答；别人指着东西问你，才用这句。"
+          },
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P13",
+            "note": "This is my mother. 是把人介绍给别人，It's a book. 是说这东西是什么。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     }
   ],

kouyu_english/assets/courses/A0/a0-06.json

@@ -21,6 +21,16 @@
           "sentence": "Where are you from?",
           "meaning": "你来自哪里？"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "想知道对方是哪里人。",
+        "reply": "对方会回 I'm from China.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P02",
+            "note": "What's your name? 问名字，Where are you from? 问地方；Where 开头的一定是在问地点。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     {
@@ -43,6 +53,16 @@
           "sentence": "I’m from China.",
           "meaning": "我来自中国。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "别人问 Where are you from? 的时候，说出你来自哪里。",
+        "reply": "对方常接一句 Nice to meet you.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P01",
+            "note": "I'm Tom. 是名字，I'm from China. 是地方；from 后面跟的一定是地点。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     }
   ],

kouyu_english/assets/courses/A0/a0-07.json

@@ -93,6 +93,16 @@
           "sentence": "This is my sister.",
           "meaning": "这是我的姐妹。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "把身边的家人介绍给别人。",
+        "reply": "对方会说 Nice to meet you.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P01",
+            "note": "I'm Tom. 介绍的是你自己，This is my mother. 介绍的是别人。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     }
   ],

kouyu_english/assets/courses/A0/a0-08.json

@@ -147,6 +147,16 @@
           "sentence": "What day is it today?",
           "meaning": "今天星期几？"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "不确定今天星期几，问别人。",
+        "reply": "对方会回 It's Monday.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P16",
+            "note": "What time is it? 问的是现在几点钟，What day is it today? 问的是今天星期几。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     {
@@ -173,6 +183,16 @@
           "sentence": "It’s Friday.",
           "meaning": "今天星期五。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "别人问今天星期几的时候回答。",
+        "swap": "熟人之间也可以只说 Monday.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P17",
+            "note": "It's Monday. 回答星期，It's three o'clock. 回答钟点；后面跟哪个，看别人问的是什么。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     {
@@ -190,6 +210,16 @@
           "sentence": "What time is it?",
           "meaning": "现在几点？"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "想知道现在几点钟。",
+        "reply": "对方会回 It's three o'clock.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P14",
+            "note": "What day is it today? 问的是星期几，这句问的是几点钟。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     {
@@ -213,6 +243,15 @@
           "sentence": "It’s three o’clock.",
           "meaning": "现在三点。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "别人问几点的时候，报出整点时间。",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P15",
+            "note": "It's Monday. 回答的是星期，It's three o'clock. 回答的是钟点。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     }
   ],

kouyu_english/assets/courses/A0/a0-09.json

@@ -130,6 +130,16 @@
           "sentence": "I like music.",
           "meaning": "我喜欢音乐。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "说出你喜欢的一样东西。",
+        "reply": "对方可能反问一句 Do you like coffee?",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P19",
+            "note": "I like tea. 是在说自己，Do you like tea? 才是问对方；问对方要把 Do you 放在最前面。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     {
@@ -147,6 +157,16 @@
           "sentence": "Do you like coffee?",
           "meaning": "你喜欢咖啡吗？"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "想知道对方喜不喜欢某样东西。",
+        "reply": "对方会回 Yes. 或 No.",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P18",
+            "note": "Do you like tea? 是问对方，I like tea. 是说自己喜欢。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     }
   ],

kouyu_english/assets/courses/A0/a0-10.json

@@ -40,6 +40,16 @@
           "sentence": "Please say that again.",
           "meaning": "请再说一遍。"
         }
+      },
+      "usage": {
+        "when": "没听清对方说了什么，请他再说一次。",
+        "reply": "对方会把刚才的话重说一遍，通常会慢一点。",
+        "confuse": [
+          {
+            "id": "A0-P04",
+            "note": "How do you spell that? 是听清了但不会写，这句是根本没听清。"
+          }
+        ]
       }
     }
   ],

kouyu_english/lib/core/app_state.dart

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ part 'app_state_assessment.dart';
 part 'app_state_lesson.dart';
 part 'app_state_review.dart';
 part 'app_state_snapshot.dart';
+part 'app_state_words.dart';
 
 /// Everything the app persists. Behaviour lives in the domain mixins that
 /// [AppState] composes.
@@ -88,11 +89,31 @@ abstract class _AppStateData extends ChangeNotifier {
 
   final Map<String, MasteryItem> mastery = {};
 
+  /// Recognition-only words, kept apart from [mastery] so they never enter a
+  /// level's upgrade denominator (learning engine 3.5).
+  final Map<String, WordKnowledge> wordKnowledge = {};
+
+  /// Words saved from lookup. They live outside any unit, so they are kept
+  /// here to be put back into the word registry on the next start.
+  final Map<String, RegisteredReceptiveWord> savedWords = {};
+
   void _syncInBackground();
 }
 
 class AppState extends _AppStateData
-    with _ReviewAndMastery, _AssessmentProgress, _LessonProgress, _AiContent {
+    with _ReviewAndMastery,
+        _ReceptiveWords,
+        _AssessmentProgress,
+        _LessonProgress,
+        _AiContent {
+  /// Round-trip seam for tests: the real save and load go through
+  /// `LocalSnapshotStore`, which needs a database.
+  @visibleForTesting
+  Map<String, dynamic> snapshotForTest() => _toSnapshotJson();
+
+  @visibleForTesting
+  void restoreForTest(Map<String, dynamic> data) => _restore(data);
+
   static const _storageKey = 'learning_state_v1';
   bool isLoaded = false;
   bool _writing = false;
@@ -114,6 +135,9 @@ class AppState extends _AppStateData
       // Adapt the A1–B1 JSON packs into the runtime registries before the saved
       // snapshot is restored, so progress that points at those lessons resolves.
       await CourseRepository.instance.load();
+      // The word bank is independent of the packs, so it loads whatever the
+      // learner's lesson progress is.
+      await WordBank.instance.load();
       final config = await AiConfigFile.loadFromAsset();
       if (config != null) {
         if (config.apiKey != null && config.apiKey!.trim().isNotEmpty) {

kouyu_english/lib/core/app_state_lesson.dart

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ part of 'app_state.dart';
 
 /// Position in the seed course, the in-lesson step flow, and the evidence
 /// lesson tasks produce.
-mixin _LessonProgress on _AppStateData, _ReviewAndMastery, _AssessmentProgress {
+mixin _LessonProgress
+    on _AppStateData, _ReviewAndMastery, _ReceptiveWords, _AssessmentProgress {
   bool get hasResumableLessonDialogue =>
       dialogueDraft != null &&
       dialogueDraft!.lessonId == activeLessonId &&
@@ -259,6 +260,10 @@ mixin _LessonProgress on _AppStateData, _ReviewAndMastery, _AssessmentProgress {
       recordingPath: recordingPath,
       assisted: assisted,
     );
+    // The independent attempt closes the teaching segment, so this is where
+    // the same-day recall is scheduled: the first retrieval happens hours
+    // later today instead of a full day after teaching.
+    scheduleSameDayRecap(_activeTargetItemIds);
     notifyListeners();
   }
 
@@ -266,6 +271,9 @@ mixin _LessonProgress on _AppStateData, _ReviewAndMastery, _AssessmentProgress {
     if (!lessonCanComplete && !isLessonSegmentsAllComplete(activeLessonId)) {
       return;
     }
+    // The unit's recognition-only words count as met once its lesson is
+    // done; they start at 「新学」 and are asked on the word page.
+    meetWordsOfUnit(activeLessonId);
     completedLessonIds.add(activeLessonId);
     completedLessons = completedLessonIds.length;
     final next = _nextIncompleteLessonId();
@@ -540,7 +548,7 @@ mixin _LessonProgress on _AppStateData, _ReviewAndMastery, _AssessmentProgress {
       if (introduced.firstTaughtAt == null) {
         mastery[id] = introduced.copyWith(firstTaughtAt: DateTime.now());
       }
-      if (reviewQueue.any((item) => item.id == id)) continue;
+      if (_hasCheckpointTask(id)) continue;
       final template = coreReviewTemplate(id);
       reviewQueue.add(
         ReviewItem(

kouyu_english/lib/core/app_state_review.dart

@@ -2,13 +2,55 @@ part of 'app_state.dart';
 
 /// Review queue scheduling and the mastery derived from attempt evidence.
 mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
+  /// The spaced checkpoint reviews that are due. Same-day recaps are a
+  /// separate, unbudgeted queue ([dueRecaps]) and never count as backlog.
   List<ReviewItem> get dueReviews {
     final now = DateTime.now();
-    final due = reviewQueue.where((item) => !item.dueAt.isAfter(now)).toList()
+    final due =
-      ..sort((a, b) => a.dueAt.compareTo(b.dueAt));
+        reviewQueue
+            .where(
+              (item) =>
+                  item.kind == ReviewKind.checkpoint &&
+                  !item.dueAt.isAfter(now),
+            )
+            .toList()
+          ..sort((a, b) => a.dueAt.compareTo(b.dueAt));
     return due;
   }
 
+  /// Same-day recalls and in-session retries that are ready to be asked. They
+  /// only strengthen encoding, so they are offered after the checkpoint plan
+  /// and are dropped once the day they belong to has passed.
+  List<ReviewItem> get dueRecaps {
+    final now = DateTime.now();
+    final cutoff = now.subtract(const Duration(days: 1));
+    final due =
+        reviewQueue
+            .where(
+              (item) =>
+                  item.kind == ReviewKind.recap &&
+                  !item.dueAt.isAfter(now) &&
+                  item.dueAt.isAfter(cutoff),
+            )
+            .toList()
+          ..sort((a, b) => a.dueAt.compareTo(b.dueAt));
+    return due;
+  }
+
+  /// Learning engine 2.2a: only what fits in today's budget is offered. The
+  /// rest stay due and come up next time; nothing is dropped or rescheduled
+  /// behind the learner's back.
+  List<ReviewItem> get todayReviewPlan =>
+      dueReviews.take(reviewBudgetSeconds ~/ reviewSecondsPerTask).toList();
+
+  /// Due checkpoint items left over after today's budget.
+  int get postponedReviewCount => dueReviews.length - todayReviewPlan.length;
+
+  /// What this review session works through: the budgeted checkpoint tasks
+  /// first, then the same-day recaps. A retry of an item missed earlier in
+  /// the session therefore comes back a few tasks later, not immediately.
+  List<ReviewItem> get reviewSession => [...todayReviewPlan, ...dueRecaps];
+
   int get dueReviewCount => dueReviews.length;
   bool get reviewIsPrimary => dueReviewCount > 0;
   int get reviewBudgetSeconds => switch (dailyMinutes) {
@@ -16,7 +58,10 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
     30 => 8 * 60,
     _ => 5 * 60,
   };
-  int get dueReviewEstimatedSeconds => dueReviewCount * 60;
+
+  /// Planned length of one review task, used for the budget and the backlog.
+  static const reviewSecondsPerTask = 60;
+  int get dueReviewEstimatedSeconds => dueReviewCount * reviewSecondsPerTask;
   bool get reviewBacklog {
     final sevenDaysAgo = DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(days: 7));
     return dueReviewEstimatedSeconds > reviewBudgetSeconds * 2 ||
@@ -80,6 +125,17 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
     addSavedWord(item);
   }
 
+  /// The queue slot holding [item]. An item can have both a checkpoint task
+  /// and a same-day recap in flight, so the kind is part of the key.
+  int _queueIndexOf(ReviewItem item) => reviewQueue.indexWhere(
+    (candidate) => candidate.id == item.id && candidate.kind == item.kind,
+  );
+
+  /// Whether [id] already has a spaced checkpoint task queued.
+  bool _hasCheckpointTask(String id) => reviewQueue.any(
+    (item) => item.id == id && item.kind == ReviewKind.checkpoint,
+  );
+
   void completeReview(
     ReviewItem item, {
     required bool assisted,
@@ -88,12 +144,21 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
     String? originalTranscript,
     String? recordingPath,
   }) {
-    final index = reviewQueue.indexWhere(
+    final index = _queueIndexOf(item);
-      (candidate) => candidate.id == item.id,
-    );
     if (index < 0) return;
     final current = reviewQueue[index];
     final now = DateTime.now();
+    if (current.kind == ReviewKind.recap) {
+      _finishRecap(
+        current,
+        rawAnswer: rawAnswer,
+        inputMode: inputMode,
+        originalTranscript: originalTranscript,
+        recordingPath: recordingPath,
+        assisted: assisted,
+      );
+      return;
+    }
     // UI/network retries may still hold an old item instance. Only the
     // currently due queue entry is allowed to produce evidence.
     if (current.dueAt.isAfter(now)) return;
@@ -161,10 +226,14 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
   }
 
   void reportReviewFailure(ReviewItem item) {
-    final index = reviewQueue.indexWhere(
+    final index = _queueIndexOf(item);
-      (candidate) => candidate.id == item.id,
-    );
     if (index < 0) return;
+    if (item.kind == ReviewKind.recap) {
+      // Learning engine 3.1: a same-day recall is encoding practice. Missing
+      // it shows the answer again and never counts against the item.
+      _finishRecap(item);
+      return;
+    }
     final existing =
         mastery[item.id] ??
         MasteryItem(
@@ -194,13 +263,151 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
           : item.successfulReviews,
     );
     _addAttemptEvidence(item, outcome: EvidenceKind.languageError);
+    _scheduleSessionRetry(item);
     notifyListeners();
   }
 
-  void postponeReview(ReviewItem item) {
+  /// Learning engine 3.2: an item missed now comes back once more before the
-    final index = reviewQueue.indexWhere(
+  /// session ends, after the remaining due tasks. That re-ask is practice —
-      (candidate) => candidate.id == item.id,
+  /// it neither advances a checkpoint nor counts as a second failure — so the
+  /// next real check still happens tomorrow on a different task.
+  void _scheduleSessionRetry(ReviewItem item) {
+    if (reviewQueue.any(
+      (candidate) => candidate.id == item.id && candidate.kind == ReviewKind.recap,
+    )) {
+      return;
+    }
+    reviewQueue.add(
+      ReviewItem(
+        id: item.id,
+        target: item.target,
+        prompt: item.prompt,
+        hint: item.hint,
+        dueAt: DateTime.now(),
+        skill: item.skill,
+        kind: ReviewKind.recap,
+      ),
     );
+  }
+
+  /// Learning engine 2.2/3.1: one short recall of what was just taught, a
+  /// couple of hours later on the same day. It is the item's first retrieval
+  /// outside the lesson it was taught in; the first checkpoint still falls on
+  /// the next day. Only exposure is recorded, so no checkpoint moves and the
+  /// day's single checkpoint advance stays available for the real review.
+  void scheduleSameDayRecap(Iterable<String> itemIds) {
+    final now = DateTime.now();
+    // Yesterday's uncollected recaps are gone: they belonged to that day.
+    reviewQueue.removeWhere(
+      (item) =>
+          item.kind == ReviewKind.recap &&
+          item.dueAt.isBefore(now.subtract(const Duration(days: 1))),
+    );
+    var added = false;
+    for (final id in itemIds) {
+      if (!isCoreItem(id)) continue;
+      if (reviewQueue.any(
+        (item) => item.id == id && item.kind == ReviewKind.recap,
+      )) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      final template = coreReviewTemplate(id);
+      reviewQueue.add(
+        ReviewItem(
+          id: id,
+          target: coreItemLabel(id),
+          prompt: template.prompt,
+          hint: template.hint,
+          dueAt: now.add(const Duration(hours: 2)),
+          skill: template.skill,
+          kind: ReviewKind.recap,
+        ),
+      );
+      added = true;
+    }
+    if (added) {
+      notifyListeners();
+      _syncInBackground();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Learning engine 3.1: the recognition step in front of the first
+  /// checkpoint review — hear or read the item, pick its meaning. Passing it
+  /// records 「认识」 evidence, which nothing else in the review flow produced;
+  /// the checkpoint itself is still earned by producing the item right after.
+  /// A miss is not a language failure: it shows the meaning and the learner
+  /// continues to the production task with help.
+  void recordRecognitionGate(ReviewItem item, {required bool correct}) {
+    final outcome = correct
+        ? EvidenceKind.independentSuccess
+        : EvidenceKind.exposure;
+    _addAttemptEvidence(
+      item.copyWith(skill: recognitionGateSkill),
+      outcome: outcome,
+      assisted: !correct,
+    );
+    // Exposure neither raises the status nor clears a pending re-check, so a
+    // miss here leaves the item exactly where it was.
+    _recordEvidence(item.id, outcome);
+    notifyListeners();
+  }
+
+  /// Whether [item] should open with the recognition question: the first
+  /// checkpoint of a core item, one day after it was taught.
+  bool needsRecognitionGate(ReviewItem item) =>
+      item.kind == ReviewKind.checkpoint &&
+      isCoreItem(item.id) &&
+      (mastery[item.id]?.checkpoint ?? 0) == 0 &&
+      recognitionDistractors(item.id).isNotEmpty;
+
+  /// The remediation after a missed review: the course explains when the item
+  /// is used, then asks which taught sentence a situation calls for. Answering
+  /// it is 「认识」 evidence and never advances a checkpoint — the miss that led
+  /// here has already been recorded, and re-asking on the spot is not an
+  /// independent interval (learning engine 3.1).
+  void recordContrastAnswer(ReviewItem item, {required bool correct}) {
+    final outcome = correct
+        ? EvidenceKind.independentSuccess
+        : EvidenceKind.exposure;
+    _addAttemptEvidence(
+      item.copyWith(skill: contrastSkill),
+      outcome: outcome,
+      assisted: !correct,
+    );
+    _recordEvidence(item.id, outcome);
+    notifyListeners();
+  }
+
+  /// Closes a recap: it records the attempt as exposure and leaves the queue.
+  /// Exposure keeps it out of both the checkpoint count and the mastery
+  /// status, which is what makes a same-day recall safe to repeat.
+  void _finishRecap(
+    ReviewItem item, {
+    String? rawAnswer,
+    String inputMode = 'text',
+    String? originalTranscript,
+    String? recordingPath,
+    bool assisted = false,
+  }) {
+    reviewQueue.removeWhere(
+      (candidate) =>
+          candidate.id == item.id && candidate.kind == ReviewKind.recap,
+    );
+    _addAttemptEvidence(
+      item,
+      outcome: EvidenceKind.exposure,
+      assisted: assisted,
+      rawAnswer: rawAnswer,
+      inputMode: inputMode,
+      originalTranscript: originalTranscript,
+      recordingPath: recordingPath,
+    );
+    notifyListeners();
+    _syncInBackground();
+  }
+
+  void postponeReview(ReviewItem item) {
+    final index = _queueIndexOf(item);
     if (index < 0) return;
     reviewQueue[index] = item.copyWith(
       dueAt: DateTime.now().add(const Duration(days: 1)),
@@ -241,20 +448,9 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
     );
   }
 
-  void addSavedWord(VocabularyItem item) {
+  /// Implemented by [_ReceptiveWords]: a saved word is recognition-only, so
-    if (reviewQueue.any((review) => review.id == item.id)) return;
+  /// it never joins the checkpoint queue.
-    reviewQueue.add(
+  void addSavedWord(VocabularyItem item);
-      ReviewItem(
-        id: item.id,
-        target: item.word,
-        prompt: item.example,
-        hint: item.meaning,
-        dueAt: DateTime.now().add(const Duration(days: 1)),
-        skill: '认识与回忆',
-      ),
-    );
-    notifyListeners();
-  }
 
   /// Adds one low-priority, non-core recap based on a completed independent
   /// dialogue. It is deliberately separate from A0 denominator items.
@@ -263,7 +459,7 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
     final day =
         '${now.year}${now.month.toString().padLeft(2, '0')}${now.day.toString().padLeft(2, '0')}';
     final id = 'dialogue-$sceneId-$day';
-    if (reviewQueue.any((item) => item.id == id)) return;
+    if (_hasCheckpointTask(id)) return;
     reviewQueue.add(
       ReviewItem(
         id: id,
@@ -294,7 +490,9 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
       });
     if (candidates.isEmpty) return;
     final id = candidates.first;
-    final index = reviewQueue.indexWhere((item) => item.id == id);
+    final index = reviewQueue.indexWhere(
+      (item) => item.id == id && item.kind == ReviewKind.checkpoint,
+    );
     if (index >= 0) {
       final current = reviewQueue[index];
       final template = coreReviewVariant(id, current.variantIndex + 1);
@@ -324,7 +522,9 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
 
   void applyGeneratedReviewVariant(GeneratedReviewVariant variant) {
     final index = reviewQueue.indexWhere(
-      (item) => item.id == variant.targetItemId,
+      (item) =>
+          item.id == variant.targetItemId &&
+          item.kind == ReviewKind.checkpoint,
     );
     if (index < 0) return;
     final current = reviewQueue[index];
@@ -346,9 +546,7 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
   /// its checkpoint contribution is removed; the stable core item remains.
   void reportGeneratedReviewVariant(ReviewItem item) {
     if (!item.isAiGenerated) return;
-    final index = reviewQueue.indexWhere(
+    final index = _queueIndexOf(item);
-      (candidate) => candidate.id == item.id,
-    );
     if (index < 0) return;
     final key = '${item.id}:${item.variantIndex}';
     if (!reportedAiVariantKeys.add(key)) return;
@@ -393,6 +591,7 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
     }
     for (var index = 0; index < reviewQueue.length; index++) {
       final item = reviewQueue[index];
+      if (item.kind == ReviewKind.recap) continue;
       final rebuilt = mastery[item.id];
       if (rebuilt != null) {
         reviewQueue[index] = item.copyWith(
@@ -419,6 +618,12 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
         firstTaughtAt = event.createdAt;
       }
       if (!isReview) continue;
+      // The recognition gate and the contrast question are 「认识」 evidence
+      // only; producing the item is what earns a checkpoint.
+      if (event.skill == recognitionGateSkill ||
+          event.skill == contrastSkill) {
+        continue;
+      }
       if (event.outcome == EvidenceKind.independentSuccess) {
         final day =
             '${event.createdAt.year}-${event.createdAt.month}-${event.createdAt.day}';
@@ -487,6 +692,10 @@ mixin _ReviewAndMastery on _AppStateData {
     '听力理解',
     '阅读理解',
     dictationSkill,
+    // Picking the right sentence for a situation shows the learner knows when
+    // to use it. Producing it unaided is a separate, higher bar, so this is
+    // recognition evidence and never stands in for recall.
+    contrastSkill,
   };
 
   /// Controlled lesson steps (follow-reading, scripted dialogue) are practice,

kouyu_english/lib/core/app_state_snapshot.dart

@@ -194,6 +194,63 @@ extension _AppStateSnapshot on AppState {
           ),
         );
     }
+    final storedWords = data['savedWords'] as List<dynamic>?;
+    if (storedWords != null) {
+      savedWords
+        ..clear()
+        ..addEntries(
+          storedWords.whereType<Map<String, dynamic>>().map(
+            (item) => MapEntry(item['id'] as String, (
+              level: item['level'] as String? ?? 'A0',
+              unit: '',
+              en: item['en'] as String? ?? '',
+              zh: item['zh'] as String? ?? '',
+              ipa: item['ipa'] as String? ?? '',
+            )),
+          ),
+        );
+      restoreSavedWords();
+    }
+    final savedWordStates = data['wordKnowledge'] as List<dynamic>?;
+    if (savedWordStates != null) {
+      wordKnowledge
+        ..clear()
+        ..addEntries(
+          savedWordStates.whereType<Map<String, dynamic>>().map((item) {
+            final id = item['id'] as String;
+            return MapEntry(
+              id,
+              WordKnowledge(
+                id: id,
+                status: _enumValue(
+                  WordStatus.values,
+                  item['status'] as String?,
+                  WordStatus.newWord,
+                ),
+                recognizedAt: DateTime.tryParse(
+                  item['recognizedAt'] as String? ?? '',
+                ),
+                dueAt: DateTime.tryParse(item['dueAt'] as String? ?? ''),
+                misses: item['misses'] as int? ?? 0,
+                // Snapshots written before the spacing ladder carry no step;
+                // place them on the rung their status implies.
+                step: item['step'] as int? ?? switch (_enumValue(
+                  WordStatus.values,
+                  item['status'] as String?,
+                  WordStatus.newWord,
+                )) {
+                  WordStatus.newWord => 0,
+                  WordStatus.recognized => 1,
+                  WordStatus.familiar => 4,
+                },
+                startedAt: DateTime.tryParse(
+                  item['startedAt'] as String? ?? '',
+                ),
+              ),
+            );
+          }),
+        );
+    }
     final savedMastery = data['mastery'] as List<dynamic>?;
     if (savedMastery != null) {
       mastery
@@ -357,6 +414,7 @@ extension _AppStateSnapshot on AppState {
             'hint': item.hint,
             'dueAt': item.dueAt.toIso8601String(),
             'skill': item.skill,
+            'kind': item.kind.name,
             'attempts': item.attempts,
             'successfulReviews': item.successfulReviews,
             'variantIndex': item.variantIndex,
@@ -365,6 +423,17 @@ extension _AppStateSnapshot on AppState {
           },
         )
         .toList(),
+    'wordKnowledge': wordKnowledge.values.map((w) => w.toJson()).toList(),
+    'savedWords': [
+      for (final entry in savedWords.entries)
+        {
+          'id': entry.key,
+          'en': entry.value.en,
+          'zh': entry.value.zh,
+          'level': entry.value.level,
+          'ipa': entry.value.ipa,
+        },
+    ],
     'mastery': mastery.values
         .map(
           (item) => {
@@ -480,6 +549,7 @@ ReviewItem _reviewFromJson(Map<String, dynamic> data) => ReviewItem(
   hint: data['hint'] as String,
   dueAt: DateTime.tryParse(data['dueAt'] as String? ?? '') ?? DateTime.now(),
   skill: data['skill'] as String,
+  kind: _enumValue(ReviewKind.values, data['kind'] as String?, ReviewKind.checkpoint),
   attempts: data['attempts'] as int? ?? 0,
   successfulReviews: data['successfulReviews'] as int? ?? 0,
   variantIndex: data['variantIndex'] as int? ?? 0,

kouyu_english/lib/core/app_state_words.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+part of 'app_state.dart';
+
+/// Learning engine 3.5: the recognition-only layer. These words are never
+/// asked to be produced, they never enter a level's upgrade denominator, and
+/// they get their own three states instead of the five of a core item.
+mixin _ReceptiveWords on _AppStateData {
+  /// 「认识」 holds for a week before a second, different question can turn it
+  /// into 「熟悉」; after that the word is only spot-checked monthly.
+  /// Days to the next check after each success in a row. The early rungs are
+  /// short on purpose: a word asked once and then not again for a week is a
+  /// word that has to be learned from scratch the second time.
+  static const _ladderDays = [1, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120];
+
+  /// The rung at which recognition counts as 「熟悉」. Reaching it takes
+  /// 1 + 3 + 7 = 11 days at the fastest, which satisfies the spec's "a second
+  /// success at least seven days later".
+  static const _familiarStep = 4;
+  static const _firstGap = Duration(days: 7);
+
+  /// One recognition question is 5–10 seconds, so the plan is sized in those
+  /// rather than in the minute a produced review takes.
+  static const wordSecondsPerTask = 10;
+
+  /// Records that a word was met in a lesson. It starts as 「新学」 with no
+  /// question scheduled: meeting a word is exposure, not recognition.
+  void meetWord(String id) {
+    if (!isReceptiveWord(id) || wordKnowledge.containsKey(id)) return;
+    wordKnowledge[id] = WordKnowledge(
+      id: id,
+      status: WordStatus.newWord,
+      startedAt: DateTime.now(),
+    );
+    notifyListeners();
+  }
+
+  /// Learning engine 3.5: a word saved from lookup is an extension word. It
+  /// follows the same recognition-only rules as a unit's receptive words and
+  /// never enters the checkpoint queue.
+  void addSavedWord(VocabularyItem item) {
+    if (savedWords.containsKey(item.id)) return;
+    final level = allLessons
+        .where((lesson) => lesson.id == activeLessonId)
+        .map((lesson) => lesson.level)
+        .firstOrNull;
+    savedWords[item.id] = (
+      level: level ?? 'A0',
+      unit: '',
+      en: item.word,
+      zh: item.meaning,
+      ipa: item.ipa ?? '',
+    );
+    _registerSavedWords();
+    wordKnowledge[item.id] = WordKnowledge(
+      id: item.id,
+      status: WordStatus.newWord,
+    );
+    notifyListeners();
+  }
+
+  /// Puts the saved words back into the registry, which is otherwise built
+  /// from the course packs alone.
+  void _registerSavedWords() {
+    for (final entry in savedWords.entries) {
+      registerSavedWord(
+        entry.key,
+        en: entry.value.en,
+        zh: entry.value.zh,
+        level: entry.value.level,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  void restoreSavedWords() => _registerSavedWords();
+
+  void meetWordsOfUnit(String unit) {
+    var added = false;
+    for (final id in receptiveWordsOfUnit(unit)) {
+      if (wordKnowledge.containsKey(id)) continue;
+      wordKnowledge[id] = WordKnowledge(id: id, status: WordStatus.newWord);
+      added = true;
+    }
+    if (added) notifyListeners();
+  }
+
+  /// One independent recognition attempt.
+  ///
+  /// A success moves 「新学」 to 「认识」; it only reaches 「熟悉」 when the
+  /// success comes at least seven days after the first one. A miss drops the
+  /// word back to 「认识」 and asks again tomorrow with another question —
+  /// there is no diagnosis and no further downgrade.
+  void recordWordRecognition(String id, {required bool correct}) {
+    if (!isReceptiveWord(id)) return;
+    final now = DateTime.now();
+    final current =
+        wordKnowledge[id] ?? WordKnowledge(id: id, status: WordStatus.newWord);
+    if (!correct) {
+      // A miss drops the word to the bottom of the ladder and asks again
+      // tomorrow. It never falls below 「认识」 once earned: a single lapse
+      // does not mean the word was never known (learning engine 3.5).
+      wordKnowledge[id] = WordKnowledge(
+        id: id,
+        status: current.recognizedAt == null
+            ? WordStatus.newWord
+            : WordStatus.recognized,
+        recognizedAt: current.recognizedAt,
+        dueAt: _tomorrow(now),
+        misses: current.misses + 1,
+        startedAt: current.startedAt,
+      );
+      notifyListeners();
+      return;
+    }
+    final step = current.step + 1;
+    final earned = current.recognizedAt ?? now;
+    wordKnowledge[id] = WordKnowledge(
+      id: id,
+      status: _statusFor(step, earned, now),
+      recognizedAt: earned,
+      dueAt: now.add(Duration(days: _gapDays(step))),
+      misses: current.misses,
+      step: step,
+      // Carried over, or answering a word would take it back out of today's
+      // count and the daily cap could be spent over and over in one sitting.
+      startedAt: current.startedAt,
+    );
+    notifyListeners();
+  }
+
+  /// The ladder rung for the nth success in a row, holding at the last one.
+  static int _gapDays(int step) =>
+      _ladderDays[(step < _ladderDays.length ? step : _ladderDays.length) - 1];
+
+  /// 「熟悉」 needs both enough rungs and enough calendar: a learner who let
+  /// the word sit for weeks between checks gets there on the same rung, but
+  /// nobody gets there in three days.
+  static WordStatus _statusFor(int step, DateTime earned, DateTime now) {
+    if (step == 0) return WordStatus.newWord;
+    if (step >= _familiarStep && !now.isBefore(earned.add(_firstGap))) {
+      return WordStatus.familiar;
+    }
+    return WordStatus.recognized;
+  }
+
+  DateTime _tomorrow(DateTime now) =>
+      DateTime(now.year, now.month, now.day).add(const Duration(days: 1, hours: 9));
+
+  /// Words whose check has come due, weakest first.
+  List<String> get dueWords {
+    final now = DateTime.now();
+    final due = wordKnowledge.values
+        .where((word) => word.dueAt != null && !word.dueAt!.isAfter(now))
+        .toList()
+      ..sort((a, b) {
+        if (a.misses != b.misses) return b.misses.compareTo(a.misses);
+        return a.dueAt!.compareTo(b.dueAt!);
+      });
+    return [for (final word in due) word.id];
+  }
+
+  /// Words met but never asked yet — the queue the word page offers first.
+  List<String> get unaskedWords => [
+    for (final word in wordKnowledge.values)
+      if (word.status == WordStatus.newWord && word.dueAt == null) word.id,
+  ];
+
+  /// Words that have been missed and are not 「熟悉」 yet.
+  List<String> get shakyWords {
+    final shaky = wordKnowledge.values
+        .where((word) => word.misses > 0 && word.status != WordStatus.familiar)
+        .toList()
+      ..sort((a, b) => b.misses.compareTo(a.misses));
+    return [for (final word in shaky) word.id];
+  }
+
+  /// Learning engine 3.5: word recognition takes no more than a third of the
+  /// daily review budget. This caps only what is *inserted into a review
+  /// session*; the word page is opened on purpose and is not budgeted.
+  int get wordBudgetSeconds => reviewBudgetSeconds ~/ 3;
+  int get wordPlanSize => wordBudgetSeconds ~/ wordSecondsPerTask;
+
+  /// Which way round this word's next question is asked.
+  ///
+  /// A word is always introduced in writing: hearing a word you have never
+  /// seen spelled gives you nothing to hold on to, and the day after a miss is
+  /// no time to take the spelling away either. From the first success on the
+  /// three rotate — see it, hear it, then produce it from the meaning — so a
+  /// word is not called known on the strength of one direction. Recognising a
+  /// word on the page is not the same as catching it in speech, and neither
+  /// one means it comes to mind when you need it.
+  WordAskMode wordAskMode(String id) {
+    final step = wordKnowledge[id]?.step ?? 0;
+    return WordAskMode.values[step % WordAskMode.values.length];
+  }
+
+  /// How many questions one round on the word page asks.
+  static const wordSessionSize = 20;
+
+  /// New words the bank may hand out in a day.
+  ///
+  /// Without a cap, one sitting can start a hundred words and every one of
+  /// them comes back the next day, which is the pile that made them not stick
+  /// in the first place. The ladder's first rung is one day, so today's new
+  /// words are tomorrow's workload.
+  int get newWordsPerDay => switch (dailyMinutes) {
+    10 => 8,
+    30 => 20,
+    _ => 15,
+  };
+
+  /// New words already started today, whatever they came from.
+  int get newWordsStartedToday {
+    final now = DateTime.now();
+    return wordKnowledge.values.where((word) {
+      final started = word.startedAt;
+      return started != null &&
+          started.year == now.year &&
+          started.month == now.month &&
+          started.day == now.day;
+    }).length;
+  }
+
+  /// New words the bank may still hand out today.
+  int get newWordQuota {
+    final left = newWordsPerDay - newWordsStartedToday;
+    return left > 0 ? left : 0;
+  }
+
+  /// Bank words not started yet: easiest level first, and inside a level the
+  /// most common in spoken English first. The bank is independent of lesson
+  /// progress, so these are available from day one.
+  List<String> get unstartedBankWords {
+    final byLevel = <String, List<String>>{};
+    for (final entry in receptiveWordRegistry.entries) {
+      if (!WordBank.isBankUnit(entry.value.unit)) continue;
+      if (wordKnowledge.containsKey(entry.key)) continue;
+      byLevel.putIfAbsent(entry.value.level, () => []).add(entry.key);
+    }
+    final bank = WordBank.instance;
+    final ordered = <String>[];
+    for (final level in const ['A1', 'A2', 'B1']) {
+      final words = byLevel[level];
+      if (words == null) continue;
+      words.sort((a, b) {
+        final byRank = bank.rankOf(a).compareTo(bank.rankOf(b));
+        return byRank != 0 ? byRank : a.compareTo(b);
+      });
+      ordered.addAll(words);
+    }
+    return ordered;
+  }
+
+  /// Counted without building and sorting the ordered list: the home card asks
+  /// for this on every rebuild and the bank is a few thousand words.
+  int get unstartedBankWordCount {
+    var count = 0;
+    for (final entry in receptiveWordRegistry.entries) {
+      if (!WordBank.isBankUnit(entry.value.unit)) continue;
+      if (wordKnowledge.containsKey(entry.key)) continue;
+      count += 1;
+    }
+    return count;
+  }
+
+  /// Minutes a round of [size] questions takes, rounded up, for the cards that
+  /// offer one.
+  int wordSessionMinutes(int size) => (size * wordSecondsPerTask + 59) ~/ 60;
+
+  /// How many questions [wordSession] would hand out, without starting any
+  /// new word: the list view needs the number before the learner taps.
+  int get wordSessionPreviewSize {
+    final fresh = unstartedBankWordCount < newWordQuota
+        ? unstartedBankWordCount
+        : newWordQuota;
+    final ready = {...dueWords, ...unaskedWords}.length + fresh;
+    return ready < wordSessionSize ? ready : wordSessionSize;
+  }
+
+  /// One round on the word page: what is due first, then words met in a unit
+  /// but never asked, then new words from the bank.
+  ///
+  /// A new word is registered as it is handed out, so a round the learner
+  /// never finishes does not fill the list with words they have not seen.
+  List<WordQuestion> wordSession({int size = wordSessionSize}) {
+    final plan = <WordQuestion>[];
+    final seen = <String>{};
+    var quota = newWordQuota;
+    void take(Iterable<String> ids, {bool start = false}) {
+      for (final id in ids) {
+        if (plan.length >= size) return;
+        if (start && quota <= 0) return;
+        if (!seen.add(id)) continue;
+        final question = receptiveQuestion(
+          id,
+          variant: wordKnowledge[id]?.misses ?? 0,
+          mode: wordAskMode(id),
+        );
+        if (question == null) continue;
+        if (start) {
+          wordKnowledge[id] = WordKnowledge(
+            id: id,
+            status: WordStatus.newWord,
+            startedAt: DateTime.now(),
+          );
+          quota -= 1;
+        }
+        plan.add(question);
+      }
+    }
+
+    take(dueWords);
+    take(unaskedWords);
+    take(unstartedBankWords, start: true);
+    return plan;
+  }
+
+  /// Today's word questions: what is due first, then words never asked.
+  List<WordQuestion> get todayWordPlan {
+    final plan = <WordQuestion>[];
+    for (final id in [...dueWords, ...unaskedWords]) {
+      if (plan.length >= wordPlanSize) break;
+      final question = receptiveQuestion(
+        id,
+        variant: wordKnowledge[id]?.misses ?? 0,
+        mode: wordAskMode(id),
+      );
+      if (question != null) plan.add(question);
+    }
+    return plan;
+  }
+
+  int get dueWordCount => dueWords.length;
+
+  WordStatus wordStatus(String id) =>
+      wordKnowledge[id]?.status ?? WordStatus.newWord;
+
+  /// Every word met, grouped by the unit that taught it, in unit order.
+  Map<String, List<String>> get wordsByUnit {
+    final grouped = <String, List<String>>{};
+    for (final id in wordKnowledge.keys) {
+      grouped.putIfAbsent(wordUnit(id), () => []).add(id);
+    }
+    final units = grouped.keys.toList()..sort();
+    return {for (final unit in units) unit: grouped[unit]!..sort()};
+  }
+
+  int get familiarWordCount => wordKnowledge.values
+      .where((word) => word.status == WordStatus.familiar)
+      .length;
+  int get recognizedWordCount => wordKnowledge.values
+      .where((word) => word.status == WordStatus.recognized)
+      .length;
+
+  int get reviewBudgetSeconds;
+}

kouyu_english/lib/core/courses/core_items.dart

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 import 'course_pack.dart';
 
-/// A produced core item as the registries see it: the level of the pack that
+/// A produced core item as the registries see it: the pack that teaches it,
-/// teaches it and its English and Chinese forms.
+/// its level, and its English and Chinese forms.
-typedef RegisteredCoreItem = ({String level, String en, String zh});
+typedef RegisteredCoreItem = ({
+  String level,
+  String unit,
+  String en,
+  String zh,
+});
 
 /// Every produced core item across A0–B1, in course order, filled from the
 /// packs' `coreItems` by `CourseRepository`. IDs are separate from the
@@ -21,6 +26,192 @@ Map<String, String> get a0CoreItems => {
     if (entry.value.level == 'A0') entry.key: entry.value.en,
 };
 
+/// A recognition-only word as the registries see it. Learning engine 3.5
+/// keeps these apart from produced core items: they are heard and read, never
+/// required to be said or spelled, and they do not count toward a level's
+/// upgrade denominator.
+typedef RegisteredReceptiveWord = ({
+  String level,
+  String unit,
+  String en,
+  String zh,
+  String ipa,
+});
+
+final Map<String, RegisteredReceptiveWord> receptiveWordRegistry =
+    <String, RegisteredReceptiveWord>{};
+
+void registerReceptiveWord(
+  ReceptiveWord word, {
+  required String level,
+  required String unit,
+}) {
+  receptiveWordRegistry[word.id] = (
+    level: level,
+    unit: unit,
+    en: word.en,
+    zh: word.zh,
+    ipa: '',
+  );
+}
+
+/// Registers a word saved from lookup. It has no unit, so its distractors
+/// come from the same level.
+void registerSavedWord(
+  String id, {
+  required String en,
+  required String zh,
+  required String level,
+}) {
+  receptiveWordRegistry[id] = (
+    level: level,
+    unit: '',
+    en: en,
+    zh: zh,
+    ipa: '',
+  );
+}
+
+/// Registers one word of the standalone word bank. Unlike a unit's receptive
+/// words, these do not wait for a lesson to be finished.
+void registerBankWord(
+  String id, {
+  required String en,
+  required String zh,
+  required String ipa,
+  required String level,
+  required String unit,
+}) {
+  receptiveWordRegistry[id] = (
+    level: level,
+    unit: unit,
+    en: en,
+    zh: zh,
+    ipa: ipa,
+  );
+}
+
+/// The IPA of a word, empty when none is known.
+String wordIpa(String id) => receptiveWordRegistry[id]?.ipa ?? '';
+
+/// Whether [id] is a recognition-only word.
+bool isReceptiveWord(String id) => receptiveWordRegistry.containsKey(id);
+
+/// The English of a word of either layer.
+String wordEnglish(String id) =>
+    receptiveWordRegistry[id]?.en ?? coreItemEnglish(id);
+
+/// The Chinese of a word of either layer.
+String wordMeaning(String id) =>
+    receptiveWordRegistry[id]?.zh ?? coreItemMeaning(id);
+
+/// The unit that teaches [id], in either layer; empty when nothing does.
+String wordUnit(String id) =>
+    receptiveWordRegistry[id]?.unit ?? coreItemRegistry[id]?.unit ?? '';
+
+/// The receptive words a unit teaches, in pack order.
+List<String> receptiveWordsOfUnit(String unit) => [
+  for (final entry in receptiveWordRegistry.entries)
+    if (entry.value.unit == unit) entry.key,
+];
+
+/// Wrong answers for a receptive word's recognition question, as word ids,
+/// from the same unit first, then the same level (learning engine 3.5:
+/// distractors come from the same unit or from near meanings). The caller
+/// takes the meaning or the spelling off each, depending on which way round
+/// it is asking.
+///
+/// Words whose meaning overlaps the target's are skipped, and no two options
+/// share a meaning, so a question never has two right answers. That matters
+/// most when the choice is between spellings: the meaning on screen is then
+/// the only thing to go on.
+///
+/// A word saved from lookup can be the only one of its level, so anything else
+/// in the registry is taken rather than leaving the word unaskable.
+List<String> receptiveDistractors(String id, {int count = 2}) {
+  final target = receptiveWordRegistry[id];
+  if (target == null) return const [];
+  final sameUnit = <String>[];
+  final sameLevel = <String>[];
+  final rest = <String>[];
+  final taken = <String>{};
+  for (final entry in receptiveWordRegistry.entries) {
+    if (entry.key == id) continue;
+    final option = entry.value.zh.trim();
+    if (option.isEmpty || entry.value.en.trim().isEmpty) continue;
+    if (option == target.zh.trim()) continue;
+    if (option.contains(target.zh) || target.zh.contains(option)) continue;
+    if (!taken.add(option)) continue;
+    if (entry.value.unit == target.unit) {
+      sameUnit.add(entry.key);
+    } else if (entry.value.level == target.level) {
+      sameLevel.add(entry.key);
+    } else if (rest.length < count) {
+      rest.add(entry.key);
+    }
+  }
+  return [...sameUnit, ...sameLevel, ...rest].take(count).toList();
+}
+
+/// Which way round the word is asked.
+///
+/// Learning engine 3.5 counts 「听辨或阅读」 as recognition, and a word that
+/// can only be recognised in writing is half learned — spoken English arrives
+/// as sound. [recall] goes the other way, from the meaning to the word; it
+/// stays a choice among spellings rather than something to write, so the word
+/// is still only ever recognised and never enters the production ladder.
+enum WordAskMode { read, listen, recall }
+
+/// A 5–10 second recognition question for a receptive word (learning engine
+/// 3.5).
+///
+/// [shown] is the prompt: the English for [WordAskMode.read], the Chinese for
+/// [WordAskMode.recall]. A [WordAskMode.listen] question carries the English
+/// too — it is what the synthesiser speaks and what the feedback shows — and
+/// only hides it while the question is open. The English is always available
+/// from the id through [wordEnglish], which is what the page speaks.
+typedef WordQuestion = ({
+  String id,
+  String shown,
+  String answer,
+  List<String> options,
+  WordAskMode mode,
+});
+
+/// Null when the word has no distractors to offer, which means it cannot be
+/// asked as a choice yet.
+WordQuestion? receptiveQuestion(
+  String id, {
+  int variant = 0,
+  WordAskMode mode = WordAskMode.read,
+}) {
+  final word = receptiveWordRegistry[id];
+  if (word == null || word.en.isEmpty || word.zh.isEmpty) return null;
+  final wrong = receptiveDistractors(id, count: 3);
+  if (wrong.isEmpty) return null;
+  // A different variant asks the same word against other meanings, which is
+  // what 「换题、换语境」 means for a word this small.
+  final rotated = [...wrong.skip(variant % wrong.length), ...wrong.take(variant % wrong.length)]
+      .take(2)
+      .toList();
+  // Asked from the meaning, the options are spellings and the prompt is the
+  // Chinese; asked either other way, it is the other way round.
+  final asksSpelling = mode == WordAskMode.recall;
+  String optionOf(String other) => asksSpelling
+      ? receptiveWordRegistry[other]!.en
+      : receptiveWordRegistry[other]!.zh;
+  final answer = asksSpelling ? word.en : word.zh;
+  final options = [answer, ...rotated.map(optionOf)];
+  final offset = (id.hashCode.abs() + variant) % options.length;
+  return (
+    id: id,
+    shown: asksSpelling ? word.zh : word.en,
+    answer: answer,
+    options: [...options.skip(offset), ...options.take(offset)],
+    mode: mode,
+  );
+}
+
 class CoreReviewTemplate {
   const CoreReviewTemplate({
     required this.prompt,
@@ -43,9 +234,23 @@ final Map<String, String> coreReviewHints = <String, String>{};
 final Map<String, DictationSentence> coreDictationSentences =
     <String, DictationSentence>{};
 
-/// Registers [item], taught at [level], with its review data.
+/// How to use each core item that needs explaining, straight from the pack's
-void registerCoreItem(CoreItem item, {required String level}) {
+/// `usage`. Items whose meaning is the whole story (`book`, `Monday`) have no
-  coreItemRegistry[item.id] = (level: level, en: item.en, zh: item.zh);
+/// entry.
+final Map<String, CoreUsage> coreUsages = <String, CoreUsage>{};
+
+/// Registers [item], taught in [unit] at [level], with its review data.
+void registerCoreItem(
+  CoreItem item, {
+  required String level,
+  String unit = '',
+}) {
+  coreItemRegistry[item.id] = (
+    level: level,
+    unit: unit,
+    en: item.en,
+    zh: item.zh,
+  );
   coreItemMatch[item.id] = item.match;
   coreReviewTemplates[item.id] = CoreReviewTemplate(
     prompt: item.reviewPrompt.isNotEmpty
@@ -55,6 +260,7 @@ void registerCoreItem(CoreItem item, {required String level}) {
     skill: item.type == 'word' ? '词汇回忆' : '回忆表达',
   );
   if (item.reviewHint.isNotEmpty) coreReviewHints[item.id] = item.reviewHint;
+  if (!item.usage.isEmpty) coreUsages[item.id] = item.usage;
   if (item.dictationSentence.isNotEmpty) {
     coreDictationSentences[item.id] = (
       sentence: item.dictationSentence,
@@ -70,6 +276,8 @@ void clearCoreItems() {
   coreReviewTemplates.clear();
   coreReviewHints.clear();
   coreDictationSentences.clear();
+  coreUsages.clear();
+  receptiveWordRegistry.clear();
 }
 
 /// The label a learner sees for a core item, falling back to its id. A0
@@ -85,6 +293,12 @@ String coreItemLabel(String id) {
 /// English use this.
 String coreItemEnglish(String id) => coreItemRegistry[id]?.en ?? id;
 
+/// The item as a learner would say it. A pattern is registered with its slot
+/// showing — `I'm [state].` — which is right for a matching rule and wrong to
+/// read, so the pack's own example sentence stands in when there is one.
+String coreItemSpoken(String id) =>
+    coreDictationSentences[id]?.sentence ?? coreItemEnglish(id);
+
 /// Whether [id] is a produced core item the course tracks for mastery.
 bool isCoreItem(String id) => coreItemRegistry.containsKey(id);
 
@@ -121,6 +335,138 @@ CoreReviewTemplate coreReviewVariant(String id, int variantIndex) {
 const dictationSkill = '听写';
 const spokenRecallSkill = '口头回忆';
 
+/// The skill of the recognition question asked before the first checkpoint
+/// review. Passing it is 「认识」 evidence and never advances a checkpoint.
+const recognitionGateSkill = '听辨识别';
+
+
+/// The skill of a contrast question: a situation is described and the learner
+/// picks which taught sentence it calls for. It shows the learner knows *when*
+/// to say something, which is not the same as being able to produce it, so it
+/// counts as recognition evidence and never advances a checkpoint on its own.
+const contrastSkill = '情境辨析';
+
+/// Whether two core items are taught in the same unit.
+bool _sameUnit(String a, String b) {
+  final unit = coreItemRegistry[a]?.unit ?? '';
+  return unit.isNotEmpty && unit == coreItemRegistry[b]?.unit;
+}
+
+/// The confusables of [id] worth showing a learner now. A pack may pair an
+/// item with one taught several units later — `What's your name?` against
+/// `Where are you from?` — and naming a sentence the learner has never seen
+/// explains nothing, so a pairing only appears once the other item is in the
+/// same unit or has been taught. Passing no [isTaught] keeps them all, which
+/// is what content checks want.
+List<Confusable> visibleConfusables(
+  String id, {
+  bool Function(String id)? isTaught,
+}) => [
+  for (final other in coreUsages[id]?.confuse ?? const <Confusable>[])
+    if (coreItemRegistry.containsKey(other.id) &&
+        (isTaught == null || _sameUnit(id, other.id) || isTaught(other.id)))
+      other,
+];
+
+/// How to use [id], or null when the pack explains nothing about it.
+CoreUsage? coreUsage(String id) => coreUsages[id];
+
+/// A contrast question built from an item's `confuse` list: the situation from
+/// its own `usage.when`, the taught sentences as options, and the note that
+/// explains the difference after an answer.
+typedef ContrastQuestion = ({
+  String situation,
+  String answer,
+  List<String> options,
+  String note,
+});
+
+ContrastQuestion? coreContrastQuestion(
+  String id, {
+  bool Function(String id)? isTaught,
+}) {
+  final usage = coreUsages[id];
+  if (usage == null || usage.when.isEmpty) return null;
+  final answer = coreItemSpoken(id);
+  final notes = <String>[];
+  final options = <String>{answer};
+  for (final other in visibleConfusables(id, isTaught: isTaught)) {
+    // Two wrong options is already a real choice; a longer list turns telling
+    // two sentences apart into a reading exercise.
+    if (options.length >= 3) break;
+    final english = coreItemSpoken(other.id);
+    if (english.isEmpty || english == answer) continue;
+    options.add(english);
+    if (other.note.isNotEmpty) notes.add(other.note);
+  }
+  if (options.length < 2) return null;
+  final ordered = options.toList();
+  final offset = id.hashCode.abs() % ordered.length;
+  return (
+    situation: usage.when,
+    answer: answer,
+    options: [...ordered.skip(offset), ...ordered.take(offset)],
+    note: notes.join('\n'),
+  );
+}
+
+/// What the item means, as a learner would read it: the Chinese form when the
+/// pack has one, otherwise the reviewed situation the phrase is used in.
+String coreItemMeaning(String id) {
+  final zh = coreItemRegistry[id]?.zh.trim() ?? '';
+  if (zh.isNotEmpty) return zh;
+  final prompt = coreReviewTemplates[id]?.prompt.trim() ?? '';
+  return prompt.isNotEmpty ? prompt : coreItemEnglish(id);
+}
+
+/// A recognition question: what the learner hears or reads, and what the
+/// right option says. Learning engine 3.5 asks for recognition inside a
+/// sentence or a situation, so the item's dictation sentence is used whenever
+/// the pack has one. That also keeps near-synonyms apart: `hello` and `hi`
+/// both mean 你好 on their own, but `Hello, how are you?` and
+/// `Hi, what's your name?` do not.
+typedef RecognitionQuestion = ({String shown, String answer});
+
+RecognitionQuestion coreRecognitionQuestion(String id) {
+  final dictation = coreDictationSentences[id];
+  if (dictation != null && dictation.meaning.trim().isNotEmpty) {
+    return (shown: dictation.sentence, answer: dictation.meaning);
+  }
+  return (shown: coreItemEnglish(id), answer: coreItemMeaning(id));
+}
+
+/// Wrong options for a recognition question, taken from other core items in
+/// the same unit (learning engine 3.5: distractors come from the same unit or
+/// from near meanings, never from obviously unrelated words). Options are
+/// asked in the same form as the answer — sentence against sentence — so the
+/// right one cannot be spotted by its length alone.
+List<String> recognitionDistractors(String id, {int count = 2}) {
+  final target = coreItemRegistry[id];
+  if (target == null) return const [];
+  final question = coreRecognitionQuestion(id);
+  final sentenceForm = coreDictationSentences[id] != null;
+  final sameUnit = <String>[];
+  final sameLevel = <String>[];
+  for (final entry in coreItemRegistry.entries) {
+    if (entry.key == id) continue;
+    if ((coreDictationSentences[entry.key] != null) != sentenceForm) continue;
+    final option = coreRecognitionQuestion(entry.key).answer;
+    if (option.isEmpty) continue;
+    // A distractor that contains the answer, or is contained by it, would be
+    // right too — `嗨，你叫什么名字？` against `你叫什么名字？`.
+    if (option.contains(question.answer) || question.answer.contains(option)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (target.unit.isNotEmpty && entry.value.unit == target.unit) {
+      sameUnit.add(option);
+    } else if (entry.value.level == target.level) {
+      sameLevel.add(option);
+    }
+  }
+  final options = <String>{...sameUnit, ...sameLevel};
+  return options.take(count).toList();
+}
+
 /// A concrete sentence built only from taught language, used to play a core
 /// item in context and to check dictation.
 typedef DictationSentence = ({String sentence, String meaning});

kouyu_english/lib/core/courses/course_pack.dart

@@ -313,6 +313,56 @@ class PackSegment {
   }
 }
 
+/// One taught item that is easy to mistake for another, with the difference
+/// spelled out. `A0-P02` (`What's your name?`) lists `A0-P05`
+/// (`How are you?`), because knowing both sentences is not the same as
+/// knowing which one a situation calls for.
+class Confusable {
+  const Confusable({required this.id, required this.note});
+
+  final String id;
+  final String note;
+
+  factory Confusable.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) => Confusable(
+    id: json['id'] as String? ?? '',
+    note: json['note'] as String? ?? '',
+  );
+}
+
+/// How a pattern is used, as opposed to what it means: the situation it
+/// belongs to, the reply it invites, an alternative wording, and the taught
+/// items it is confused with. The course JSON carries this; nothing here is
+/// generated at runtime.
+class CoreUsage {
+  const CoreUsage({
+    this.when = '',
+    this.reply = '',
+    this.swap = '',
+    this.confuse = const [],
+  });
+
+  /// The situation the item is used in, in one line.
+  final String when;
+
+  /// What the other person usually answers, or how to answer it.
+  final String reply;
+
+  /// Another taught way to say the same thing.
+  final String swap;
+
+  final List<Confusable> confuse;
+
+  bool get isEmpty =>
+      when.isEmpty && reply.isEmpty && swap.isEmpty && confuse.isEmpty;
+
+  factory CoreUsage.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) => CoreUsage(
+    when: json['when'] as String? ?? '',
+    reply: json['reply'] as String? ?? '',
+    swap: json['swap'] as String? ?? '',
+    confuse: _objectList(json['confuse']).map(Confusable.fromJson).toList(),
+  );
+}
+
 /// A produced core item (word / phrase / pattern) with its acceptance rule.
 class CoreItem {
   const CoreItem({
@@ -327,6 +377,7 @@ class CoreItem {
     this.reviewHint = '',
     this.dictationSentence = '',
     this.dictationMeaning = '',
+    this.usage = const CoreUsage(),
   });
 
   final String id;
@@ -348,6 +399,9 @@ class CoreItem {
   final String dictationSentence;
   final String dictationMeaning;
 
+  /// When to use the item, empty for anything that needs no explaining.
+  final CoreUsage usage;
+
   factory CoreItem.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
     final example = _objectOrEmpty(json['example']);
     final review = _objectOrEmpty(json['review']);
@@ -364,6 +418,7 @@ class CoreItem {
       reviewHint: review['hint'] as String? ?? '',
       dictationSentence: dictation['sentence'] as String? ?? '',
       dictationMeaning: dictation['meaning'] as String? ?? '',
+      usage: CoreUsage.fromJson(_objectOrEmpty(json['usage'])),
     );
   }
 }

kouyu_english/lib/core/courses/course_repository.dart

@@ -176,7 +176,10 @@ class CourseRepository {
 
     // Core items: labels, acceptance rules and offline review prompts.
     for (final item in pack.coreItems) {
-      registerCoreItem(item, level: pack.level);
+      registerCoreItem(item, level: pack.level, unit: pack.id);
+    }
+    for (final word in pack.receptiveWords) {
+      registerReceptiveWord(word, level: pack.level, unit: pack.id);
     }
 
     final segments = <LessonSegment>[];

kouyu_english/lib/core/courses/courses.dart

@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@ export 'core_items.dart';
 export 'course_catalog.dart';
 export 'course_models.dart';
 export 'option_order.dart';
+export 'word_bank.dart';

kouyu_english/lib/core/courses/word_bank.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import 'dart:convert';
+
+import 'package:flutter/services.dart';
+
+import 'core_items.dart';
+
+/// A bank word used in a sentence, with the sentence's Chinese.
+typedef WordExample = ({String en, String zh});
+
+/// The standalone word bank (`assets/words/wordbank.json`).
+///
+/// It is deliberately independent of the course packs: the words a learner can
+/// study must not be capped by how many units they have finished, which was
+/// the whole problem with growing vocabulary out of `receptiveWords` alone.
+/// CEFR-J decides which words and at what level; the bank only carries the
+/// IPA and the Chinese gloss.
+class WordBank {
+  WordBank._();
+  static final instance = WordBank._();
+
+  static const _asset = 'assets/words/wordbank.json';
+
+  /// The unit a bank word is filed under, e.g. `bank-A1`.
+  static String unitOf(String level) => 'bank-$level';
+  static bool isBankUnit(String unit) => unit.startsWith('bank-');
+  static String levelOfUnit(String unit) => unit.substring('bank-'.length);
+
+  bool _loaded = false;
+  final Map<String, String> _extraSenses = {};
+  final Map<String, WordExample> _examples = {};
+  final Map<String, int> _ranks = {};
+
+  /// Senses beyond the one used as the quiz answer; empty when there are none.
+  String moreSenses(String id) => _extraSenses[id] ?? '';
+
+  /// The word in a sentence, which is what the meaning is shown against once
+  /// the answer is out. Null when the bank has none for this word.
+  WordExample? exampleOf(String id) => _examples[id];
+
+  /// How common the word is in spoken English, 0 being the most common. New
+  /// words are handed out in this order so the bank does not start with a
+  /// whole week of words beginning with `a`.
+  static const unranked = 99999;
+  int rankOf(String id) => _ranks[id] ?? unranked;
+
+  Future<void> load({AssetBundle? bundle}) async {
+    if (_loaded) return;
+    final raw = await (bundle ?? rootBundle).loadString(_asset);
+    final data = jsonDecode(raw) as Map<String, dynamic>;
+    for (final entry in (data['words'] as List<dynamic>)) {
+      final word = entry as Map<String, dynamic>;
+      final id = word['id'] as String;
+      final level = word['level'] as String? ?? 'A1';
+      registerBankWord(
+        id,
+        en: word['en'] as String? ?? '',
+        zh: word['zh'] as String? ?? '',
+        ipa: word['ipa'] as String? ?? '',
+        level: level,
+        unit: unitOf(level),
+      );
+      final more = word['more'] as String? ?? '';
+      if (more.isNotEmpty) _extraSenses[id] = more;
+      _ranks[id] = word['rank'] as int? ?? unranked;
+      final en = word['ex'] as String? ?? '';
+      if (en.isNotEmpty) {
+        _examples[id] = (en: en, zh: word['exZh'] as String? ?? '');
+      }
+    }
+    _loaded = true;
+  }
+
+  /// Test seam: drops what was loaded so another bundle can be loaded.
+  void resetForTest() {
+    _loaded = false;
+    _extraSenses.clear();
+    _examples.clear();
+    _ranks.clear();
+  }
+}

kouyu_english/lib/core/models.dart

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ enum LearningGoal { dailyLife, travel, workStarter }
 
 enum PlacementLevel { beginner, someBasics, simpleConversation }
 
-enum AppTab { learn, dialogue, review, profile }
+enum AppTab { learn, dialogue, review, words, profile }
 
 enum LessonStep {
   preview,
@@ -18,6 +18,72 @@ enum LessonStep {
 
 enum MasteryStatus { newItem, recognize, recall, use, master, needsReview }
 
+/// Learning engine 3.5: a recognition-only word has its own three states,
+/// deliberately shorter than [MasteryStatus]. It is never asked to be spelled
+/// or said, and it never counts toward a level's upgrade denominator.
+enum WordStatus { newWord, recognized, familiar }
+
+/// What the app knows about one recognition-only word.
+class WordKnowledge {
+  const WordKnowledge({
+    required this.id,
+    required this.status,
+    this.recognizedAt,
+    this.dueAt,
+    this.misses = 0,
+    this.step = 0,
+    this.startedAt,
+  });
+
+  final String id;
+  final WordStatus status;
+
+  /// When it first became 「认识」. 「熟悉」 needs a second success at least
+  /// seven days after this, on a different question.
+  final DateTime? recognizedAt;
+
+  /// When it comes up for a check again; null once nothing is scheduled.
+  final DateTime? dueAt;
+
+  /// How often recognition has failed, used to surface the weak ones.
+  final int misses;
+
+  /// Successes in a row, which is the rung of the spacing ladder this word is
+  /// on. A miss puts it back to 0.
+  final int step;
+
+  /// When the word entered the learner's list, which is what the daily cap on
+  /// new words is counted against.
+  final DateTime? startedAt;
+
+  WordKnowledge copyWith({
+    WordStatus? status,
+    DateTime? recognizedAt,
+    DateTime? dueAt,
+    int? misses,
+    int? step,
+    DateTime? startedAt,
+  }) => WordKnowledge(
+    id: id,
+    status: status ?? this.status,
+    recognizedAt: recognizedAt ?? this.recognizedAt,
+    dueAt: dueAt ?? this.dueAt,
+    misses: misses ?? this.misses,
+    step: step ?? this.step,
+    startedAt: startedAt ?? this.startedAt,
+  );
+
+  Map<String, dynamic> toJson() => {
+    'id': id,
+    'status': status.name,
+    'recognizedAt': recognizedAt?.toIso8601String(),
+    'dueAt': dueAt?.toIso8601String(),
+    'misses': misses,
+    'step': step,
+    'startedAt': startedAt?.toIso8601String(),
+  };
+}
+
 enum EvidenceKind {
   exposure,
   assisted,
@@ -392,6 +458,13 @@ class SentenceAnalysisResult {
       );
 }
 
+/// What a queued review is for. A `checkpoint` task carries the four spaced
+/// checkpoints of learning engine 3.1. A `recap` task is the same-day recall
+/// after a segment, or the re-ask of an item missed earlier in the session:
+/// it only strengthens encoding, so it never advances a checkpoint and a miss
+/// is never counted as a language failure.
+enum ReviewKind { checkpoint, recap }
+
 class ReviewItem {
   const ReviewItem({
     required this.id,
@@ -400,6 +473,7 @@ class ReviewItem {
     required this.hint,
     required this.dueAt,
     required this.skill,
+    this.kind = ReviewKind.checkpoint,
     this.attempts = 0,
     this.successfulReviews = 0,
     this.variantIndex = 0,
@@ -413,6 +487,7 @@ class ReviewItem {
   final String hint;
   final DateTime dueAt;
   final String skill;
+  final ReviewKind kind;
   final int attempts;
   final int successfulReviews;
   final int variantIndex;
@@ -421,6 +496,7 @@ class ReviewItem {
 
   ReviewItem copyWith({
     DateTime? dueAt,
+    ReviewKind? kind,
     int? attempts,
     int? successfulReviews,
     int? variantIndex,
@@ -436,6 +512,7 @@ class ReviewItem {
     hint: hint ?? this.hint,
     dueAt: dueAt ?? this.dueAt,
     skill: skill ?? this.skill,
+    kind: kind ?? this.kind,
     attempts: attempts ?? this.attempts,
     successfulReviews: successfulReviews ?? this.successfulReviews,
     variantIndex: variantIndex ?? this.variantIndex,

kouyu_english/lib/features/home/home_page.dart

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import '../../core/app_theme.dart';
 import '../../widgets/app_widgets.dart';
 import 'lesson_path.dart';
 import 'today_task_card.dart';
+import 'word_task_card.dart';
 
 /// 学习 tab：今天的任务在上，完整课程路径在下。
 class HomePage extends StatelessWidget {
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ class HomePage extends StatelessWidget {
     required this.onResumeLessonDialogue,
     required this.onStartReinforcement,
     required this.onOpenAssessment,
+    required this.onOpenWords,
   });
 
   final AppState state;
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@ class HomePage extends StatelessWidget {
   final VoidCallback onResumeLessonDialogue;
   final VoidCallback onStartReinforcement;
   final ValueChanged<String> onOpenAssessment;
+  final VoidCallback onOpenWords;
 
   @override
   Widget build(BuildContext context) => AppPage(
@@ -41,6 +44,7 @@ class HomePage extends StatelessWidget {
           onStartReinforcement: onStartReinforcement,
           onOpenAssessment: onOpenAssessment,
         ),
+        WordTaskCard(state: state, onOpenWords: onOpenWords),
         LessonPath(state: state, onOpenLesson: onOpenLesson),
         const _FrameworkNote(),
       ],

kouyu_english/lib/features/home/today_task_card.dart

@@ -69,15 +69,29 @@ class TodayTaskCard extends StatelessWidget {
       );
     }
     if (state.reviewIsPrimary) {
-      final count = state.dueReviewCount;
+      final planned = state.todayReviewPlan.length;
+      final postponed = state.postponedReviewCount;
       return _TodayTask(
         label: '今日复习',
-        title: '先复习 $count 项',
+        title: '先复习 $planned 项',
-        note: state.reviewBacklog
+        note: postponed > 0
+            ? '今天的复习时间安排 $planned 项，其余 $postponed 项明天接着做，不会丢。'
+            : state.reviewBacklog
             ? '有积压项目；先花几分钟清掉到期复习，再开启新课。'
             : '之前练过的关键句，今天换个情境再用一次。',
         action: '开始复习',
-        minutes: '${(count * 2).clamp(2, 10)} 分钟',
+        minutes: '${(planned * 2).clamp(2, 10)} 分钟',
+        onPressed: onStartReview,
+      );
+    }
+    // 学完一段后隔一会儿再想起来一次，明天的第一次检查才不会从零开始。
+    if (state.dueRecaps.isNotEmpty) {
+      return _TodayTask(
+        label: '课后快闪',
+        title: '把刚学的 ${state.dueRecaps.length} 项再想一遍',
+        note: '趁还记得再提取一次，明天更容易想起来。答不出也不算错，不计检查点。',
+        action: '开始快闪',
+        minutes: '1 分钟',
         onPressed: onStartReview,
       );
     }

kouyu_english/lib/features/home/word_task_card.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
+
+import '../../core/app_state.dart';
+import '../../core/app_theme.dart';
+import '../../widgets/app_widgets.dart';
+import '../words/words_page.dart';
+
+/// 首页的认词入口。
+///
+/// 认词跟今日任务是并行的，不是竞争关系：一个题几秒钟，不该去抢上面那张
+/// 今日任务卡的「今天最该做的一件事」。所以它单独占一行 —— 有题时是一张能
+/// 直接开始的卡，没题时缩成一行状态，但入口始终在。
+class WordTaskCard extends StatelessWidget {
+  const WordTaskCard({
+    super.key,
+    required this.state,
+    required this.onOpenWords,
+  });
+
+  final AppState state;
+  final VoidCallback onOpenWords;
+
+  @override
+  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    final planned = state.wordSessionPreviewSize;
+    if (planned == 0) return _restRow(context);
+    return SectionCard(
+      tint: AppColors.surfaceMuted,
+      onTap: onOpenWords,
+      child: SpacedColumn(
+        children: [
+          Row(
+            children: [
+              const Expanded(child: Eyebrow('认词')),
+              Text(
+                '${state.wordSessionMinutes(planned)} 分钟',
+                style: TextStyle(color: AppColors.muted),
+              ),
+            ],
+          ),
+          Text(
+            wordTaskHeadline(state),
+            style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 17, fontWeight: FontWeight.w600),
+          ),
+          Text(
+            '$planned 个题，听到、看到能认出来就行，不用会说。',
+            style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodyMedium,
+          ),
+          SecondaryButton(label: '开始认词', onPressed: onOpenWords),
+        ],
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  Widget _restRow(BuildContext context) => SectionCard(
+    tint: AppColors.surfaceMuted,
+    onTap: onOpenWords,
+    child: Row(
+      children: [
+        Icon(Icons.abc_outlined, color: AppColors.muted, size: 20),
+        const SizedBox(width: 8),
+        Expanded(
+          child: Text(
+            state.newWordQuota > 0
+                ? '今天的词都过完了'
+                : '今天的新词学满 ${state.newWordsPerDay} 个了，明天继续',
+            style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodyMedium,
+          ),
+        ),
+        Text(
+          '认识 ${state.recognizedWordCount} · 熟悉 ${state.familiarWordCount}',
+          style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodySmall,
+        ),
+      ],
+    ),
+  );
+}

kouyu_english/lib/features/lesson/lesson_flow.dart

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import '../../core/voice_service.dart';
 import '../../core/writing_feedback.dart';
 import '../../widgets/app_widgets.dart';
 import '../../widgets/lexicon_lookup.dart';
+import '../../widgets/usage_card.dart';
 import '../../widgets/voice_answer.dart';
 
 part 'steps/independent_step.dart';
@@ -148,6 +149,7 @@ class _LessonFlowState extends State<LessonFlow> {
       case LessonStep.speaking:
         content = _SpeakingStep(
           state: widget.state,
+          segmentId: segment.id,
           text: activity.speaking,
           tip: activity.speakingTip,
           keepRecording: widget.state.keepRecordings,

kouyu_english/lib/features/lesson/steps/preview_step.dart

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ class _PreviewStep extends StatelessWidget {
             ],
           ),
         ),
+        UsageCard(itemId: item.id, state: state),
         Wrap(
           spacing: 8,
           children: [ActionChip(label: const Text('查词'), onPressed: onLookup)],

kouyu_english/lib/features/lesson/steps/speaking_step.dart

@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@ part of '../lesson_flow.dart';
 class _SpeakingStep extends StatefulWidget {
   const _SpeakingStep({
     required this.state,
+    required this.segmentId,
     required this.text,
     this.tip = '',
     required this.keepRecording,
     required this.onContinue,
   });
+  final String segmentId;
   final String text;
   final String tip;
   final AppState state;
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ class _SpeakingStepState extends State<_SpeakingStep>
               style: TextStyle(color: AppColors.warmInk),
             ),
           ),
+        SegmentUsage(segmentId: widget.segmentId, state: widget.state),
         SecondaryButton(
           label: transcribing
               ? '正在 AI 识别发音…'

kouyu_english/lib/features/lesson/steps/writing_step.dart

@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ class _WritingStepState extends State<_WritingStep> {
           tint: AppColors.surfaceMuted,
           child: Text('小提示：${grammarNoteForSegment(widget.segmentId)}'),
         ),
+        SegmentUsage(segmentId: widget.segmentId, state: widget.state),
         if (widget.showHelp)
           SectionCard(
             tint: AppColors.softGreen,

kouyu_english/lib/features/review/review_page.dart

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import '../../core/courses/courses.dart';
 import '../../core/speech_compare.dart';
 import '../../core/voice_service.dart';
 import '../../widgets/app_widgets.dart';
+import '../../widgets/usage_card.dart';
 import '../../widgets/voice_answer.dart';
 
 class ReviewPage extends StatefulWidget {
@@ -50,6 +51,15 @@ class _ReviewPageState extends State<ReviewPage>
   ({String answer, String reference, String? audio, bool assisted})? lastResult;
   bool dictationPlayed = false;
 
+  /// Items whose recognition question has been answered in this session. The
+  /// gate is asked once per item; the production task follows immediately.
+  final Set<String> gateCleared = {};
+
+  /// The item whose contrast question is being shown after a miss, and the
+  /// option picked, if any. Set only while the remediation is on screen.
+  ReviewItem? contrastFor;
+  String? contrastPicked;
+
   @override
   AppState get voiceState => widget.state;
 
@@ -156,10 +166,204 @@ class _ReviewPageState extends State<ReviewPage>
     });
   }
 
+  /// Options for the recognition question: the meaning plus distractors from
+  /// the same unit. The answer's position is stable per item so it does not
+  /// move while the learner reads, but it is not always first.
+  List<String> _recognitionOptions(String id, String answer) {
+    final options = [answer, ...recognitionDistractors(id)];
+    final offset = id.hashCode.abs() % options.length;
+    return [...options.skip(offset), ...options.take(offset)];
+  }
+
+  void _answerGate(ReviewItem item, {required bool correct}) {
+    widget.state.recordRecognitionGate(item, correct: correct);
+    setState(() {
+      gateCleared.add(item.id);
+      // Being shown the meaning is help, so finishing the production step
+      // afterwards is recorded as assisted.
+      if (!correct) usedHelp = true;
+    });
+    if (!correct) {
+      ScaffoldMessenger.of(context).showSnackBar(
+        SnackBar(
+          content: Text(
+            '它的意思是：${coreRecognitionQuestion(item.id).answer}。下一步试着写出英文。',
+          ),
+        ),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Step one of an item's first checkpoint: hear or read it and pick what it
+  /// means. Recall of the English comes right after. Learning engine 3.1 puts
+  /// 「认识」 before 「可回忆」, so the day after a lesson opens with a question
+  /// the learner can answer instead of the hardest one.
+  Widget _recognitionView(ReviewItem item) {
+    final question = coreRecognitionQuestion(item.id);
+    final answer = question.answer;
+    final english = question.shown;
+    final audio = english;
+    return AppPage(
+      child: SpacedColumn(
+        children: [
+          Eyebrow('今天复习 · ${widget.state.reviewSession.length} 项待完成'),
+          Text(
+            '先认出来：它是什么意思？',
+            style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
+          ),
+          Text(
+            '第 1 步，共 2 步 · 认出来 → 说出来',
+            style: TextStyle(color: AppColors.green, fontSize: 13),
+          ),
+          SectionCard(
+            tint: AppColors.softGreen,
+            child: SpacedColumn(
+              children: [
+                Text(english, style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 22)),
+                Row(
+                    children: [
+                    IconButton.filled(
+                      tooltip: '播放',
+                      onPressed: () => _play(audio),
+                      icon: const Icon(Icons.volume_up_outlined),
+                    ),
+                    const SizedBox(width: 10),
+                    TextButton(
+                      onPressed: () => _play(audio, slow: true),
+                      child: const Text('慢速'),
+                    ),
+                  ],
+                ),
+              ],
+            ),
+          ),
+          for (final option in _recognitionOptions(item.id, answer))
+            SizedBox(
+              width: double.infinity,
+              child: OutlinedButton(
+                onPressed: () => _answerGate(item, correct: option == answer),
+                child: Align(
+                  alignment: Alignment.centerLeft,
+                  child: Padding(
+                    padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 6),
+                    child: Text(option, style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 16)),
+                  ),
+                ),
+              ),
+            ),
+          TextButton(
+            onPressed: () => _answerGate(item, correct: false),
+            child: const Text('不认识'),
+          ),
+          Text(
+            '选错或选「不认识」都不算答错，会直接告诉你意思，再一起练说出来。',
+            style: TextStyle(fontSize: 12, color: AppColors.muted),
+          ),
+        ],
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  void _reportMiss(ReviewItem item) {
+    widget.state.reportReviewFailure(item);
+    // Being told the answer is the moment to say what the item is for. A
+    // learner who could not produce `What's your name?` often knows the words
+    // and not the situation.
+    if (coreContrastQuestion(item.id, isTaught: widget.state.mastery.containsKey) != null) {
+      setState(() {
+        _resetAnswer();
+        contrastFor = item;
+        contrastPicked = null;
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+    setState(_resetAnswer);
+  }
+
+  void _answerContrast(ReviewItem item, String picked, String answer) {
+    widget.state.recordContrastAnswer(item, correct: picked == answer);
+    setState(() => contrastPicked = picked);
+  }
+
+  /// The remediation after a miss: the usage note, then the situation with the
+  /// taught sentences to choose between. It is teaching, not a checkpoint —
+  /// the miss is already recorded and answering here cannot undo it.
+  Widget _contrastView(ReviewItem item) {
+    final question = coreContrastQuestion(
+      item.id,
+      isTaught: widget.state.mastery.containsKey,
+    )!;
+    final picked = contrastPicked;
+    return AppPage(
+      child: SpacedColumn(
+        children: [
+          const Eyebrow('先弄清楚什么时候用'),
+          Text(
+            '这句话用在这种情况：',
+            style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
+          ),
+          UsageCard(itemId: item.id, state: widget.state),
+          SectionCard(
+            tint: AppColors.surfaceMuted,
+            child: Text(question.situation, style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 17)),
+          ),
+          const Text('这时候该说哪一句？'),
+          for (final option in question.options)
+            SizedBox(
+              width: double.infinity,
+              child: OutlinedButton(
+                onPressed: picked == null
+                    ? () => _answerContrast(item, option, question.answer)
+                    : null,
+                style: picked == null
+                    ? null
+                    : OutlinedButton.styleFrom(
+                        backgroundColor: option == question.answer
+                            ? AppColors.softGreen
+                            : null,
+                      ),
+                child: Align(
+                  alignment: Alignment.centerLeft,
+                  child: Padding(
+                    padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 6),
+                    child: Text(option, style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 16)),
+                  ),
+                ),
+              ),
+            ),
+          if (picked != null) ...[
+            SectionCard(
+              tint: picked == question.answer
+                  ? AppColors.softGreen
+                  : AppColors.warm,
+              child: Text(
+                picked == question.answer
+                    ? '对，就是这句。${question.note}'
+                    : '这里要说 ${question.answer}。${question.note}',
+                style: TextStyle(color: AppColors.warmInk, height: 1.45),
+              ),
+            ),
+            PrimaryButton(
+              label: '继续复习',
+              onPressed: () => setState(() {
+                contrastFor = null;
+                contrastPicked = null;
+              }),
+            ),
+          ],
+          Text(
+            '这一步不算检查点，也不会影响刚才那道题的结果。',
+            style: TextStyle(fontSize: 12, color: AppColors.muted),
+          ),
+        ],
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
   Widget _resultView(
     ({String answer, String reference, String? audio, bool assisted}) result,
   ) {
-    final remaining = widget.state.dueReviews.length;
+    final remaining = widget.state.reviewSession.length;
     return AppPage(
       child: SpacedColumn(
         children: [
@@ -311,11 +515,12 @@ class _ReviewPageState extends State<ReviewPage>
 
   @override
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    if (contrastFor case final item?) return _contrastView(item);
     if (lastResult case final result?) return _resultView(result);
-    final item = widget.state.dueReviews.isEmpty
+    final session = widget.state.reviewSession;
-        ? null
+    final item = session.isEmpty ? null : session.first;
-        : widget.state.dueReviews.first;
     if (item == null) {
+      final postponed = widget.state.postponedReviewCount;
       return AppPage(
         child: SpacedColumn(
           children: [
@@ -324,12 +529,20 @@ class _ReviewPageState extends State<ReviewPage>
               '到期项目已安排下次复练。',
               style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
             ),
-            const Text('记住不是一次答对就结束；系统会在不同间隔再次确认你仍能用出来。'),
+            Text(
+              postponed > 0
+                  ? '今天的复习时间用完了，还有 $postponed 项到期，明天接着做，没有被丢掉。'
+                  : '记住不是一次答对就结束；系统会在不同间隔再次确认你仍能用出来。',
+            ),
             PrimaryButton(label: '回到首页', onPressed: widget.onFinished),
           ],
         ),
       );
     }
+    if (widget.state.needsRecognitionGate(item) &&
+        !gateCleared.contains(item.id)) {
+      return _recognitionView(item);
+    }
     final dictation = item.skill == dictationSkill
         ? coreDictationSentences[item.id]
         : null;
@@ -337,17 +550,33 @@ class _ReviewPageState extends State<ReviewPage>
     final audioText = reviewAudioText(item.id, item.target);
     final checkpoint =
         widget.state.mastery[item.id]?.checkpoint ?? item.successfulReviews;
-    final checkpointLabel = checkpoint >= 4
+    final isRecap = item.kind == ReviewKind.recap;
+    final checkpointLabel = isRecap
+        ? '不计检查点 · 只是趁热再想一遍'
+        : checkpoint >= 4
         ? '30 天抽查'
         : '第 ${checkpoint + 1} / 4 个间隔检查点';
     return AppPage(
       child: SpacedColumn(
         children: [
-          Eyebrow('今天复习 · ${widget.state.dueReviewCount} 项待完成'),
+          Eyebrow(
+            isRecap
+                ? '再想一遍 · 还有 ${widget.state.reviewSession.length} 项'
+                : '今天复习 · ${widget.state.reviewSession.length} 项待完成',
+          ),
           Text(
-            dictation != null ? '听一听，写下来。' : '不看答案，试着回答。',
+            dictation != null
+                ? '听一听，写下来。'
+                : isRecap
+                ? '刚学过的，现在还想得起来吗？'
+                : '不看答案，试着回答。',
             style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
           ),
+          if (isRecap)
+            Text(
+              '答不出也不算错，看一眼答案就好——这一次只是帮你记住，真正的检查在明天。',
+              style: TextStyle(fontSize: 12, color: AppColors.muted),
+            ),
           Text(
             '目标技能：${item.skill}',
             style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodyMedium,
@@ -465,10 +694,7 @@ class _ReviewPageState extends State<ReviewPage>
               ),
               ActionChip(
                 label: const Text('暂时想不起来'),
-                onPressed: () {
+                onPressed: () => _reportMiss(item),
-                  widget.state.reportReviewFailure(item);
-                  setState(_resetAnswer);
-                },
               ),
               ActionChip(
                 label: Text(generatingVariant ? '正在生成…' : '生成变式'),
@@ -509,6 +735,7 @@ class _ReviewPageState extends State<ReviewPage>
                       icon: const Icon(Icons.volume_up_outlined),
                       label: Text('听示范：$audioText'),
                     ),
+                  UsageCard(itemId: item.id, state: widget.state),
                 ],
               ),
             ),

kouyu_english/lib/features/shell/learning_shell.dart

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import "../home/home_page.dart";
 import "../lesson/lesson_flow.dart";
 import "../profile/profile_page.dart";
 import "../review/review_page.dart";
+import "../words/words_page.dart";
 
 class LearningShell extends StatefulWidget {
   const LearningShell({super.key, required this.state});
@@ -197,6 +198,11 @@ class _LearningShellState extends State<LearningShell> {
                       selectedIcon: Icon(Icons.refresh),
                       label: "复习",
                     ),
+                    NavigationDestination(
+                      icon: Icon(Icons.abc_outlined),
+                      selectedIcon: Icon(Icons.abc),
+                      label: "单词",
+                    ),
                     NavigationDestination(
                       icon: Icon(Icons.person_outline),
                       selectedIcon: Icon(Icons.person),
@@ -240,6 +246,7 @@ class _LearningShellState extends State<LearningShell> {
                 .firstOrNull;
             if (pack != null) showAssessment(pack);
           },
+          onOpenWords: () => showTab(AppTab.words),
         );
       case AppTab.dialogue:
         return DialogueScenePage(
@@ -252,6 +259,8 @@ class _LearningShellState extends State<LearningShell> {
           onFinished: () => showTab(AppTab.learn),
           onOpenAdaptiveLesson: showAdaptiveLesson,
         );
+      case AppTab.words:
+        return WordsPage(state: widget.state);
       case AppTab.profile:
         return ProfilePage(
           state: widget.state,

kouyu_english/lib/features/words/words_page.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
+
+import '../../core/app_state.dart';
+import '../../core/app_theme.dart';
+import '../../core/courses/courses.dart';
+import '../../core/models.dart';
+import '../../core/voice_service.dart';
+import '../../widgets/app_widgets.dart';
+
+/// What the round of recognition is about right now. The home card and this
+/// page share it so the two never describe today's words differently.
+String wordTaskHeadline(AppState state) {
+  final due = state.dueWords.length;
+  if (due > 0) return '今天有 $due 个词该过一遍';
+  final unasked = state.unaskedWords.length;
+  if (unasked > 0) return '有 $unasked 个新学的词还没问过';
+  return '今天还能学 ${state.newWordQuota} 个新词';
+}
+
+/// The word list the learner can open on its own (learning engine 3.5).
+///
+/// Words are never asked to be produced here: the only task is a 5–10 second
+/// recognition question, and the rest of the page is just what has been met.
+class WordsPage extends StatefulWidget {
+  const WordsPage({super.key, required this.state});
+
+  final AppState state;
+
+  @override
+  State<WordsPage> createState() => _WordsPageState();
+}
+
+class _WordsPageState extends State<WordsPage> {
+  List<WordQuestion>? quiz;
+  int index = 0;
+  String? picked;
+  int right = 0;
+
+  void _startQuiz() {
+    final plan = widget.state.wordSession();
+    if (plan.isEmpty) return;
+    setState(() {
+      quiz = plan;
+      index = 0;
+      picked = null;
+      right = 0;
+    });
+    _playIfHeard(plan.first);
+  }
+
+  /// A listening question plays itself: the learner should not have to find a
+  /// button before the question has even been asked.
+  void _playIfHeard(WordQuestion question) {
+    if (question.mode != WordAskMode.listen) return;
+    VoiceService.instance.speak(wordEnglish(question.id));
+  }
+
+  void _answer(WordQuestion question, String option) {
+    final correct = option == question.answer;
+    widget.state.recordWordRecognition(question.id, correct: correct);
+    setState(() {
+      picked = option;
+      if (correct) right += 1;
+    });
+  }
+
+  void _next() {
+    final last = index + 1 >= quiz!.length;
+    setState(() {
+      if (last) {
+        quiz = null;
+      } else {
+        index += 1;
+      }
+      picked = null;
+    });
+    if (!last) _playIfHeard(quiz![index]);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    if (quiz case final questions?) return _quizView(questions[index]);
+    return _listView();
+  }
+
+  Widget _quizView(WordQuestion question) {
+    final answered = picked != null;
+    final english = wordEnglish(question.id);
+    final ipa = wordIpa(question.id);
+    // Before the answer each way round gives a different clue; after it all
+    // three land on the spelling, which is what the question was for.
+    // Withholding it earlier is the question: a heard word shown spelled is
+    // a reading question, and a meaning shown next to its word is no question
+    // at all.
+    final prompt = switch (question.mode) {
+      WordAskMode.read => english,
+      WordAskMode.listen => answered ? english : '· · ·',
+      WordAskMode.recall => answered ? english : question.shown,
+    };
+    // Speaking the word before a recall answer would just read it out.
+    final canSpeak = answered || question.mode != WordAskMode.recall;
+    return AppPage(
+      child: SpacedColumn(
+        children: [
+          Eyebrow(
+            '${switch (question.mode) {
+              WordAskMode.read => '认词',
+              WordAskMode.listen => '听词',
+              WordAskMode.recall => '想词',
+            }} · ${index + 1} / ${quiz!.length}',
+          ),
+          Row(
+            children: [
+              Expanded(
+                child: Column(
+                  crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
+                  children: [
+                    Text(
+                      prompt,
+                      style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
+                    ),
+                    if (answered &&
+                        ipa.isNotEmpty &&
+                        question.mode != WordAskMode.read)
+                      Text(ipa, style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodyMedium),
+                  ],
+                ),
+              ),
+              if (canSpeak)
+                IconButton(
+                  icon: Icon(
+                    question.mode == WordAskMode.listen
+                        ? Icons.replay_outlined
+                        : Icons.volume_up_outlined,
+                  ),
+                  tooltip: question.mode == WordAskMode.listen ? '再听一遍' : null,
+                  onPressed: () => VoiceService.instance.speak(english),
+                ),
+            ],
+          ),
+          Text(switch (question.mode) {
+            WordAskMode.read => '它是什么意思？只要认出来就行，不用会说。',
+            WordAskMode.listen => '听到的是哪个意思？听不清可以再听一遍。',
+            WordAskMode.recall => '哪个词是这个意思？认出来就行，不用自己拼。',
+          }),
+          for (final option in question.options)
+            SizedBox(
+              width: double.infinity,
+              child: OutlinedButton(
+                onPressed: answered ? null : () => _answer(question, option),
+                style: !answered || option != question.answer
+                    ? null
+                    : OutlinedButton.styleFrom(
+                        backgroundColor: AppColors.softGreen,
+                      ),
+                child: Align(
+                  alignment: Alignment.centerLeft,
+                  child: Padding(
+                    padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 6),
+                    child: Text(option, style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 16)),
+                  ),
+                ),
+              ),
+            ),
+          if (answered) ...[
+            SectionCard(
+              tint: picked == question.answer
+                  ? AppColors.softGreen
+                  : AppColors.warm,
+              child: SpacedColumn(
+                children: [
+                  Text(
+                    picked == question.answer
+                        ? '对了。'
+                        : question.mode == WordAskMode.recall
+                        ? '「${question.shown}」是 $english，明天再问你一次。'
+                        : '$english 是「${question.answer}」，明天再问你一次。',
+                    style: TextStyle(color: AppColors.warmInk, height: 1.45),
+                  ),
+                  // The sentence is the point of the feedback: a gloss alone is
+                  // what did not stick the first time.
+                  if (WordBank.instance.exampleOf(question.id) case final sample?) ...[
+                    Text(
+                      sample.en,
+                      style: TextStyle(
+                        color: AppColors.warmInk,
+                        fontSize: 16,
+                        height: 1.45,
+                      ),
+                    ),
+                    if (sample.zh.isNotEmpty)
+                      Text(
+                        sample.zh,
+                        style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodyMedium,
+                      ),
+                  ],
+                  if (WordBank.instance.moreSenses(question.id) case final more
+                      when more.isNotEmpty)
+                    Text(
+                      '也有「$more」的意思。',
+                      style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodySmall,
+                    ),
+                ],
+              ),
+            ),
+            PrimaryButton(
+              label: index + 1 >= quiz!.length ? '做完了' : '下一个',
+              onPressed: _next,
+            ),
+          ],
+          TextButton(
+            onPressed: () => setState(() {
+              quiz = null;
+              picked = null;
+            }),
+            child: const Text('先不做了'),
+          ),
+        ],
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  Widget _listView() {
+    final state = widget.state;
+    final shaky = state.shakyWords;
+    final grouped = state.wordsByUnit;
+    final waiting = state.unstartedBankWordCount;
+    final quota = state.newWordQuota;
+    final planned = state.wordSessionPreviewSize;
+    return AppPage(
+      child: SpacedColumn(
+        children: [
+          const Eyebrow('学过的词'),
+          Text(
+            grouped.isEmpty
+                ? '还没有学过的词'
+                : '认识 ${state.recognizedWordCount} · 熟悉 ${state.familiarWordCount}',
+            style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
+          ),
+          const Text('这些词只要听到、看到能认出来就够了，不用背着写出来。'),
+          if (planned > 0)
+            SectionCard(
+              tint: AppColors.softGreen,
+              child: SpacedColumn(
+                children: [
+                  Text(
+                    wordTaskHeadline(state),
+                    style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 17),
+                  ),
+                  Text(
+                    '$planned 个题，一个题几秒钟。',
+                    style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodyMedium,
+                  ),
+                  PrimaryButton(label: '开始认词', onPressed: _startQuiz),
+                ],
+              ),
+            )
+          else if (grouped.isNotEmpty)
+            SectionCard(
+              tint: AppColors.surfaceMuted,
+              child: Text(
+                quota > 0
+                    ? '今天的词都过完了，剩下的等到期再问。'
+                    : '今天的新词学满 ${state.newWordsPerDay} 个了，到期的也都过完了。'
+                          '明天它们会回来找你。',
+              ),
+            ),
+          if (waiting > 0)
+            Text(
+              quota > 0
+                  ? '词库里还有 $waiting 个词没开始，今天还能学 $quota 个。'
+                  : '词库里还有 $waiting 个词没开始，明天继续。',
+              style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodySmall,
+            ),
+          if (shaky.isNotEmpty) ...[
+            const Eyebrow('没记住的'),
+            SectionCard(
+              tint: AppColors.warm,
+              child: SpacedColumn(
+                children: [
+                  for (final id in shaky.take(8)) _WordRow(id: id, state: state),
+                ],
+              ),
+            ),
+          ],
+          for (final entry in grouped.entries) ...[
+            Eyebrow(_unitTitle(entry.key)),
+            SectionCard(
+              tint: AppColors.surfaceMuted,
+              child: SpacedColumn(
+                children: [
+                  for (final id in entry.value.take(_groupLimit))
+                    _WordRow(id: id, state: state),
+                  if (entry.value.length > _groupLimit)
+                    Text(
+                      '还有 ${entry.value.length - _groupLimit} 个',
+                      style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodySmall,
+                    ),
+                ],
+              ),
+            ),
+          ],
+        ],
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /// A unit group is a reminder of what has been met, not a dictionary, so it
+  /// stops before the bank turns it into an endless scroll.
+  static const _groupLimit = 30;
+
+  String _unitTitle(String unit) {
+    if (unit.isEmpty) return '查词收藏';
+    if (WordBank.isBankUnit(unit)) return '词库 · ${WordBank.levelOfUnit(unit)}';
+    final lesson = allLessons.where((item) => item.id == unit);
+    return lesson.isEmpty ? unit : lesson.first.title;
+  }
+}
+
+class _WordRow extends StatelessWidget {
+  const _WordRow({required this.id, required this.state});
+
+  final String id;
+  final AppState state;
+
+  @override
+  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    final status = state.wordStatus(id);
+    return Row(
+      children: [
+        Expanded(
+          child: Column(
+            crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
+            children: [
+              Text(
+                wordEnglish(id),
+                style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 16, fontWeight: FontWeight.w600),
+              ),
+              Text(
+                wordIpa(id).isEmpty
+                    ? wordMeaning(id)
+                    : '${wordIpa(id)}  ${wordMeaning(id)}',
+                style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodyMedium,
+              ),
+            ],
+          ),
+        ),
+        Text(
+          switch (status) {
+            WordStatus.newWord => '新学',
+            WordStatus.recognized => '认识',
+            WordStatus.familiar => '熟悉',
+          },
+          style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodySmall,
+        ),
+        IconButton(
+          icon: const Icon(Icons.volume_up_outlined, size: 20),
+          onPressed: () => VoiceService.instance.speak(wordEnglish(id)),
+        ),
+      ],
+    );
+  }
+}

kouyu_english/lib/widgets/lexicon_lookup.dart

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import '../core/models.dart';
 import '../core/courses/courses.dart';
 import '../core/voice_service.dart';
 import 'app_widgets.dart';
+import 'usage_card.dart';
 
 List<VocabularyItem>? _cachedEntries;
 Map<String, VocabularyItem>? _cachedExactMap;
@@ -454,7 +455,7 @@ class _LexiconLookupSheetState extends State<_LexiconLookupSheet> {
     try {
       ScaffoldMessenger.of(context).showSnackBar(
         SnackBar(
-          content: Text('已将短语 "${phrase.phrase}" 加入复习计划'),
+          content: Text('已加入单词，之后在「单词」里认它'),
           duration: const Duration(seconds: 2),
         ),
       );
@@ -469,7 +470,7 @@ class _LexiconLookupSheetState extends State<_LexiconLookupSheet> {
     try {
       ScaffoldMessenger.of(context).showSnackBar(
         SnackBar(
-          content: Text('已将 "${item.word}" 加入复习计划'),
+          content: Text('已加入单词，之后在「单词」里认它'),
           duration: const Duration(seconds: 2),
         ),
       );
@@ -663,7 +664,7 @@ class _LexiconLookupSheetState extends State<_LexiconLookupSheet> {
                       _addedToReview.contains(phrase.phrase.toLowerCase())
                           ? Chip(
                               label: Text(
-                                '已在复习',
+                                '已在单词',
                                 style: TextStyle(fontSize: 12),
                               ),
                               avatar: Icon(
@@ -688,7 +689,7 @@ class _LexiconLookupSheetState extends State<_LexiconLookupSheet> {
                                 size: 14,
                               ),
                               label: const Text(
-                                '加复习',
+                                '加到单词',
                                 style: TextStyle(fontSize: 12),
                               ),
                             ),
@@ -843,14 +844,15 @@ class _LexiconLookupSheetState extends State<_LexiconLookupSheet> {
                   tint: AppColors.softGreen,
                   child: Text('${entry!.example}\n${entry!.exampleMeaning}'),
                 ),
+                UsageCard(itemId: entry!.id, state: widget.state),
                 Row(
                   children: [
                     Expanded(
                       child: PrimaryButton(
                         label:
                             _addedToReview.contains(entry!.word.toLowerCase())
-                            ? '已在复习中'
+                            ? '已在单词表'
-                            : '加入复习',
+                            : '加到单词',
                         onPressed: () {
                           _addVocabItemToReview(entry!);
                         },

kouyu_english/lib/widgets/usage_card.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
+
+import '../core/app_state.dart';
+import '../core/app_theme.dart';
+import '../core/courses/courses.dart';
+import 'app_widgets.dart';
+
+/// What a taught pattern is *for*, next to what it means. Knowing that
+/// `How are you?` means 你怎么样 does not tell a learner that it is not the
+/// way to ask someone's name, so the course states the situation, the reply
+/// it invites, and the items it is easiest to mix up with.
+///
+/// The card renders nothing when the pack explains nothing about the item,
+/// which is the normal case for a plain word.
+class UsageCard extends StatelessWidget {
+  const UsageCard({
+    super.key,
+    required this.itemId,
+    required this.state,
+    this.compact = false,
+  });
+
+  final String itemId;
+  final AppState state;
+
+  /// Inside a task step, only the situation and the difference are shown —
+  /// the learner is mid-exercise, not reading a reference card.
+  final bool compact;
+
+  /// A pattern counts as taught once it has a mastery row, which
+  /// `AppState` creates when the lesson first presents it.
+  bool _isTaught(String id) => state.mastery.containsKey(id);
+
+  @override
+  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    final usage = coreUsage(itemId);
+    if (usage == null) return const SizedBox.shrink();
+    final lines = <({String label, String text})>[
+      if (usage.when.isNotEmpty) (label: '什么时候用', text: usage.when),
+      if (!compact && usage.reply.isNotEmpty) (label: '对方会怎么答', text: usage.reply),
+      if (!compact && usage.swap.isNotEmpty) (label: '换个说法', text: usage.swap),
+      // Mid-exercise only the nearest confusion is worth a line; the full
+      // list belongs on the preview and lookup cards.
+      for (final other in visibleConfusables(
+        itemId,
+        isTaught: _isTaught,
+      ).take(compact ? 1 : 3))
+        if (other.note.isNotEmpty)
+          (label: '别和 ${coreItemSpoken(other.id)} 弄混', text: other.note),
+    ];
+    if (lines.isEmpty) return const SizedBox.shrink();
+    return SectionCard(
+      tint: AppColors.warm,
+      child: SpacedColumn(
+        spacing: 8,
+        children: [
+          for (final line in lines)
+            RichText(
+              text: TextSpan(
+                style: DefaultTextStyle.of(context).style.copyWith(
+                  color: AppColors.warmInk,
+                  height: 1.45,
+                ),
+                children: [
+                  TextSpan(
+                    text: '${line.label}：',
+                    style: const TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.w600),
+                  ),
+                  TextSpan(text: line.text),
+                ],
+              ),
+            ),
+        ],
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+/// Every usage note a teaching segment carries, in course order. Shown in the
+/// speaking and writing steps, where a learner is about to produce the pattern
+/// and the question is which one this situation calls for.
+class SegmentUsage extends StatelessWidget {
+  const SegmentUsage({
+    super.key,
+    required this.segmentId,
+    required this.state,
+    this.compact = true,
+  });
+
+  final String segmentId;
+  final AppState state;
+  final bool compact;
+
+  @override
+  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    final ids = findLessonSegment(segmentId)?.targetItemIds ?? const <String>[];
+    final explained = [for (final id in ids) if (coreUsage(id) != null) id];
+    if (explained.isEmpty) return const SizedBox.shrink();
+    return SpacedColumn(
+      spacing: 8,
+      children: [
+        for (final id in explained)
+          UsageCard(itemId: id, state: state, compact: compact),
+      ],
+    );
+  }
+}

kouyu_english/pubspec.yaml

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ flutter:
     - assets/config/
     - assets/models/sense_voice/
     - assets/courses/
+    - assets/words/
     - assets/courses/A0/
     - assets/courses/A1/
     - assets/courses/A2/

kouyu_english/test/answer_confirmation_test.dart

@@ -108,6 +108,13 @@ void main() {
         skill: '回忆表达',
       ),
     );
+    state.mastery['A0-P12'] = const MasteryItem(
+      id: 'A0-P12',
+      label: "I'm from …",
+      status: MasteryStatus.recall,
+      evidence: [],
+      checkpoint: 1,
+    );
     await tester.pumpWidget(
       MaterialApp(
         home: Scaffold(

kouyu_english/test/course_self_consistency_test.dart

@@ -59,6 +59,99 @@ void main() {
     expect(failures, isEmpty);
   });
 
+  test('every A0 pattern says when it is used', () {
+    final missing = [
+      for (final pack in CourseRepository.instance.units)
+        if (pack.level == 'A0')
+          for (final item in pack.coreItems)
+            if (item.type != 'word' && (coreUsage(item.id)?.when ?? '').isEmpty)
+              '${item.id} "${item.en}"',
+    ];
+    expect(
+      missing,
+      isEmpty,
+      reason: '句型要写清什么时候用，否则学会了也不知道该用哪一句',
+    );
+  });
+
+  test('every confusable points at a real taught item with a note', () {
+    final broken = <String>[];
+    for (final pack in CourseRepository.instance.units) {
+      for (final item in pack.coreItems) {
+        for (final other in item.usage.confuse) {
+          if (!isCoreItem(other.id)) broken.add('${item.id} → ${other.id} 不存在');
+          if (other.note.isEmpty) broken.add('${item.id} → ${other.id} 没写区别');
+          if (other.id == item.id) broken.add('${item.id} 指向自己');
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    expect(broken, isEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('every A0 pattern has something to be told apart from', () {
+    final alone = [
+      for (final pack in CourseRepository.instance.units)
+        if (pack.level == 'A0')
+          for (final item in pack.coreItems)
+            if (item.type != 'word' && item.usage.confuse.isEmpty)
+              '${item.id} "${item.en}"',
+    ];
+    expect(alone, isEmpty, reason: '每个句型都要有一句容易混的，才出得了辨析题');
+  });
+
+  test('a pattern can be told apart from something already taught', () {
+    final order = {
+      for (var i = 0; i < CourseRepository.instance.units.length; i++)
+        CourseRepository.instance.units[i].id: i,
+    };
+    final late = <String>[];
+    for (final pack in CourseRepository.instance.units) {
+      if (pack.level != 'A0') continue;
+      for (final item in pack.coreItems) {
+        if (item.type == 'word' || item.usage.confuse.isEmpty) continue;
+        // The first review of an item comes a day after its own unit, so a
+        // pairing that only names later units has nothing to ask about then.
+        final reachable = item.usage.confuse.any((other) {
+          final unit = coreItemRegistry[other.id]?.unit;
+          return unit != null && (order[unit] ?? 999) <= order[pack.id]!;
+        });
+        if (!reachable) late.add('${item.id} 的易混句都在后面的单元');
+      }
+    }
+    expect(late, isEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('a contrast question offers the item and something else to pick', () {
+    final broken = <String>[];
+    for (final id in allCoreItemIds) {
+      if ((coreUsage(id)?.confuse ?? const []).isEmpty) continue;
+      final question = coreContrastQuestion(id);
+      if (question == null) {
+        broken.add('$id has confusables but no question');
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Two options is a real choice; more than three turns recall into a
+      // reading exercise.
+      if (question.options.length < 2 || question.options.length > 3) {
+        broken.add('$id has ${question.options.length} options');
+      }
+      // A situation that quotes one of the sentences gives the choice away.
+      for (final option in question.options) {
+        if (question.situation.contains(option)) {
+          broken.add('$id 的情境里写出了选项「$option」');
+        }
+      }
+      if (!question.options.contains(question.answer)) {
+        broken.add('$id answer is not among the options');
+      }
+      // Two sentences a learner has to tell apart cannot be the same string.
+      if (question.options.toSet().length != question.options.length) {
+        broken.add('$id repeats an option');
+      }
+    }
+    expect(broken, isEmpty);
+  });
+
   test('assessment tasks are answerable and replacements point home', () {
     final ids = {for (final pack in assessmentPacks) pack.id};
     final failures = <String>[];

kouyu_english/test/home_word_entry_test.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
+import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/app_state.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/courses/courses.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/features/shell/learning_shell.dart';
+import 'package:shared_preferences/shared_preferences.dart';
+
+/// The word bank is reachable from its own tab, but nothing on the 学习 tab
+/// mentioned it, so a learner who opens the app to today's task never saw
+/// that words were waiting. These cover the entry point, not the quiz.
+void main() {
+  setUp(() async {
+    SharedPreferences.setMockInitialValues({});
+    clearCoreItems();
+    WordBank.instance.resetForTest();
+    await WordBank.instance.load();
+  });
+
+  tearDown(() {
+    clearCoreItems();
+    WordBank.instance.resetForTest();
+  });
+
+  testWidgets('the 学习 tab offers a round of words and opens the word tab', (
+    tester,
+  ) async {
+    final state = AppState()..finishOnboarding();
+    await tester.pumpWidget(MaterialApp(home: LearningShell(state: state)));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(find.text('认词'), findsOneWidget);
+    expect(find.text('今天还能学 15 个新词'), findsOneWidget);
+    expect(find.text('15 个题，听到、看到能认出来就行，不用会说。'), findsOneWidget);
+
+    await tester.tap(find.text('开始认词'));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(find.text('学过的词'), findsOneWidget);
+  });
+
+  testWidgets('the entry stays once the day is done, as a line not a task', (
+    tester,
+  ) async {
+    final state = AppState()..finishOnboarding();
+    for (final question in state.wordSession()) {
+      state.recordWordRecognition(question.id, correct: true);
+    }
+    await tester.pumpWidget(MaterialApp(home: LearningShell(state: state)));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(state.wordSessionPreviewSize, 0);
+    expect(find.text('开始认词'), findsNothing);
+    expect(find.text('今天的新词学满 15 个了，明天继续'), findsOneWidget);
+    expect(find.text('认识 15 · 熟悉 0'), findsOneWidget);
+
+    await tester.tap(find.text('今天的新词学满 15 个了，明天继续'));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(find.text('学过的词'), findsOneWidget);
+  });
+}

kouyu_english/test/navigation_back_button_test.dart

@@ -80,7 +80,8 @@ void main() {
     await tester.pumpWidget(MaterialApp(home: LearningShell(state: state)));
     await tester.pumpAndSettle();
 
-    expect(find.byType(NavigationDestination), findsNWidgets(4));
+    expect(find.byType(NavigationDestination), findsNWidgets(5));
+    expect(find.text('单词'), findsOneWidget);
     expect(find.text('今日新课'), findsOneWidget);
     expect(find.text('课程路径'), findsOneWidget);
     expect(find.textContaining('第 1 课 · '), findsWidgets);

kouyu_english/test/receptive_words_test.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
+import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/app_state.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/courses/course_pack.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/courses/courses.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/models.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/features/words/words_page.dart';
+
+/// Learning engine 3.5: the recognition-only layer — one success to 「认识」,
+/// a second one at least seven days later to 「熟悉」, a monthly spot check
+/// after that, and a miss that only ever drops back to 「认识」.
+/// Calendar days from today to the day the word is next due.
+///
+/// A miss schedules by wall clock (tomorrow morning), not by adding 24 hours,
+/// so measuring the gap as a duration answers 0 for a test run in the evening.
+/// Counting days on the calendar is what the ladder actually means.
+int gapDays(DateTime? due) {
+  final today = DateTime.now();
+  return DateTime(due!.year, due.month, due.day)
+      .difference(DateTime(today.year, today.month, today.day))
+      .inDays;
+}
+
+void main() {
+  setUp(() {
+    registerSavedWord('t-ready', en: 'ready', zh: '准备好', level: 'A0');
+    registerSavedWord('t-later', en: 'later', zh: '晚点', level: 'A0');
+    registerSavedWord('t-busy', en: 'busy', zh: '忙', level: 'A0');
+    registerSavedWord('t-tired', en: 'tired', zh: '累', level: 'A0');
+    registerSavedWord('t-early', en: 'early', zh: '早', level: 'A0');
+  });
+
+  test('a met word starts as 新学 with nothing scheduled', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    final word = state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!;
+    expect(word.status, WordStatus.newWord);
+    expect(word.dueAt, isNull);
+    expect(state.unaskedWords, contains('t-ready'));
+  });
+
+  test('one success reaches 认识 and comes back the next day', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: true);
+    final word = state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!;
+    expect(word.status, WordStatus.recognized);
+    expect(word.step, 1);
+    expect(gapDays(word.dueAt), 1);
+    expect(state.dueWords, isEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('each success in a row stretches the gap', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    for (final expected in [1, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120, 120]) {
+      state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: true);
+      expect(gapDays(state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!.dueAt), expected);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('successes in a row are not enough for 熟悉 without the days', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+      state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: true);
+    }
+    // Five rungs climbed inside one minute: the calendar has not moved.
+    expect(state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!.status, WordStatus.recognized);
+  });
+
+  test('the fourth success a week on reaches 熟悉', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.wordKnowledge['t-ready'] = WordKnowledge(
+      id: 't-ready',
+      status: WordStatus.recognized,
+      recognizedAt: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(days: 8)),
+      dueAt: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(hours: 1)),
+      step: 3,
+    );
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: true);
+    final word = state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!;
+    expect(word.status, WordStatus.familiar);
+    expect(gapDays(word.dueAt), 15);
+  });
+
+  test('a miss drops 熟悉 back to 认识 and asks again tomorrow', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.wordKnowledge['t-ready'] = WordKnowledge(
+      id: 't-ready',
+      status: WordStatus.familiar,
+      recognizedAt: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(days: 40)),
+      dueAt: DateTime.now(),
+    );
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: false);
+    final word = state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!;
+    expect(word.status, WordStatus.recognized);
+    expect(word.misses, 1);
+    expect(word.step, 0, reason: 'a miss goes back to the first rung');
+    expect(gapDays(word.dueAt), 1);
+    expect(state.shakyWords, contains('t-ready'));
+  });
+
+  test('a miss never touches the core mastery of an item', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: false);
+    expect(state.mastery, isEmpty);
+    expect(state.reviewQueue, isEmpty);
+    expect(state.knownItemCount, 0);
+  });
+
+  test('a recovered word has to wait another week for 熟悉', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.wordKnowledge['t-ready'] = WordKnowledge(
+      id: 't-ready',
+      status: WordStatus.familiar,
+      recognizedAt: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(days: 40)),
+      dueAt: DateTime.now(),
+    );
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: false);
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: true);
+    final word = state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!;
+    expect(word.status, WordStatus.recognized);
+    expect(word.step, 1, reason: 'the ladder is climbed again from the bottom');
+    expect(gapDays(word.dueAt), 1);
+  });
+
+  test('a snapshot written before the ladder lands on a sensible rung', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.restoreForTest({
+      'wordKnowledge': [
+        {
+          'id': 't-ready',
+          'status': 'familiar',
+          'recognizedAt': DateTime.now()
+              .subtract(const Duration(days: 40))
+              .toIso8601String(),
+          'dueAt': DateTime.now().toIso8601String(),
+          'misses': 0,
+        },
+        {'id': 't-busy', 'status': 'recognized', 'misses': 1},
+        {'id': 't-later', 'status': 'newWord', 'misses': 0},
+      ],
+    });
+    expect(state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!.step, 4);
+    expect(state.wordKnowledge['t-busy']!.step, 1);
+    expect(state.wordKnowledge['t-later']!.step, 0);
+  });
+
+  test('a question shows the word and offers the meaning among others', () {
+    final question = receptiveQuestion('t-ready')!;
+    expect(question.shown, 'ready');
+    expect(question.options, contains('准备好'));
+    expect(question.options.length, greaterThanOrEqualTo(2));
+    expect(question.options.toSet().length, question.options.length);
+  });
+
+  test('a re-ask after a miss uses another set of wrong meanings', () {
+    final first = receptiveQuestion('t-ready', variant: 0)!;
+    final second = receptiveQuestion('t-ready', variant: 1)!;
+    expect(first.options.toSet(), isNot(second.options.toSet()));
+  });
+
+  test('word questions take no more than a third of the review budget', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.dailyMinutes = 20;
+    expect(state.wordBudgetSeconds * 3, lessThanOrEqualTo(state.reviewBudgetSeconds));
+    for (var i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
+      state.wordKnowledge['t-ready$i'] = WordKnowledge(
+        id: 't-ready$i',
+        status: WordStatus.newWord,
+      );
+      registerSavedWord('t-ready$i', en: 'w$i', zh: '意思$i', level: 'A0');
+    }
+    expect(state.todayWordPlan.length, state.wordPlanSize);
+    expect(state.wordPlanSize, lessThan(60));
+  });
+
+  test('a saved lookup word is recognition-only, not a checkpoint task', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.addSavedWord(
+      const VocabularyItem(
+        id: 'saved-ready',
+        word: 'ready',
+        meaning: '准备好',
+        example: '',
+        exampleMeaning: '',
+      ),
+    );
+    expect(state.reviewQueue, isEmpty);
+    expect(state.mastery, isEmpty);
+    expect(state.wordStatus('saved-ready'), WordStatus.newWord);
+    expect(isReceptiveWord('saved-ready'), isTrue);
+    expect(state.wordsByUnit[''], contains('saved-ready'));
+  });
+
+  test('word progress survives a save and reload', () async {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.addSavedWord(
+      const VocabularyItem(
+        id: 'saved-later',
+        word: 'later',
+        meaning: '晚点',
+        example: '',
+        exampleMeaning: '',
+      ),
+    );
+    state.recordWordRecognition('saved-later', correct: true);
+
+    final restored = AppState()..restoreForTest(state.snapshotForTest());
+    expect(restored.wordStatus('saved-later'), WordStatus.recognized);
+    expect(restored.savedWords['saved-later']?.en, 'later');
+    expect(wordEnglish('saved-later'), 'later');
+  });
+
+  test('finishing a unit puts its receptive words on the word page', () {
+    registerReceptiveWord(
+      const ReceptiveWord(id: 'u-repeat', en: 'repeat', zh: '重复'),
+      level: 'A0',
+      unit: 'a0-01',
+    );
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWordsOfUnit('a0-01');
+    expect(state.wordsByUnit['a0-01'], contains('u-repeat'));
+    expect(state.wordStatus('u-repeat'), WordStatus.newWord);
+    // Meeting a word is exposure, so nothing is scheduled by itself.
+    expect(state.dueWords, isEmpty);
+  });
+
+  testWidgets('the word page asks a word and records the answer', (
+    tester,
+  ) async {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    await tester.pumpWidget(MaterialApp(home: WordsPage(state: state)));
+
+    expect(find.text('ready'), findsOneWidget);
+    await tester.tap(find.text('开始认词'));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    final question = state.todayWordPlan.first;
+    expect(question.id, 't-ready');
+    await tester.tap(find.widgetWithText(OutlinedButton, '准备好'));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(state.wordStatus('t-ready'), WordStatus.recognized);
+    expect(find.text('对了。'), findsOneWidget);
+  });
+
+  test('a word is introduced in writing, then heard, then recalled', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    // Nothing to hold on to yet, so the first sight of a word is spelled out.
+    expect(state.wordAskMode('t-ready'), WordAskMode.read);
+    for (final expected in [
+      WordAskMode.listen,
+      WordAskMode.recall,
+      WordAskMode.read,
+      WordAskMode.listen,
+      WordAskMode.recall,
+    ]) {
+      state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: true);
+      expect(state.wordAskMode('t-ready'), expected);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('a recall question asks for the word and offers spellings', () {
+    final question = receptiveQuestion('t-ready', mode: WordAskMode.recall)!;
+    expect(question.shown, '准备好');
+    expect(question.answer, 'ready');
+    expect(question.options, contains('ready'));
+    expect(question.options, hasLength(3));
+    for (final option in question.options) {
+      // Options are spellings; a meaning among them would give the answer away.
+      expect(option, matches(RegExp(r'^[a-zA-Z ]+$')), reason: option);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('no two options mean the same thing', () {
+    // A second word glossed 「准备好」 would make both spellings right.
+    registerSavedWord('t-set', en: 'set', zh: '准备好', level: 'A0');
+    final question = receptiveQuestion('t-ready', mode: WordAskMode.recall)!;
+    expect(question.options, isNot(contains('set')));
+  });
+
+  test('the day after a miss shows the spelling again', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: true);
+    expect(state.wordAskMode('t-ready'), WordAskMode.listen);
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: false);
+    // A miss is no time to take the spelling away on top of it.
+    expect(state.wordAskMode('t-ready'), WordAskMode.read);
+  });
+
+  test('a round carries the mode each word is due for', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    state.meetWord('t-later');
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-later', correct: true);
+    state.wordKnowledge['t-later'] = state.wordKnowledge['t-later']!.copyWith(
+      dueAt: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(hours: 1)),
+    );
+    final modes = {
+      for (final question in state.wordSession()) question.id: question.mode,
+    };
+    expect(modes['t-ready'], WordAskMode.read);
+    expect(modes['t-later'], WordAskMode.listen);
+  });
+
+  testWidgets('a listening question withholds the spelling until answered', (
+    tester,
+  ) async {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: true);
+    state.wordKnowledge['t-ready'] = state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!.copyWith(
+      dueAt: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(hours: 1)),
+    );
+    await tester.pumpWidget(MaterialApp(home: WordsPage(state: state)));
+    await tester.tap(find.text('开始认词'));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(find.text('听词 · 1 / 1'), findsOneWidget);
+    // Showing 'ready' here would turn the question back into a reading one.
+    // The list behind the quiz is gone, so this is the whole screen.
+    expect(find.text('ready'), findsNothing);
+    expect(find.text('· · ·'), findsOneWidget);
+    expect(find.byIcon(Icons.replay_outlined), findsOneWidget);
+
+    await tester.tap(find.widgetWithText(OutlinedButton, '准备好'));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    // Now it is worth seeing: this is where the sound meets the spelling.
+    expect(find.text('ready'), findsOneWidget);
+    expect(state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!.step, 2);
+  });
+
+  testWidgets('a recall question asks from the meaning, with nothing to play', (
+    tester,
+  ) async {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: true);
+    state.recordWordRecognition('t-ready', correct: true);
+    expect(state.wordAskMode('t-ready'), WordAskMode.recall);
+    state.wordKnowledge['t-ready'] = state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!.copyWith(
+      dueAt: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(hours: 1)),
+    );
+    await tester.pumpWidget(MaterialApp(home: WordsPage(state: state)));
+    await tester.tap(find.text('开始认词'));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(find.text('想词 · 1 / 1'), findsOneWidget);
+    // The prompt is the meaning, and it is the only Chinese on screen: the
+    // options are spellings.
+    expect(find.text('准备好'), findsOneWidget);
+    // Playing the word here would simply read out the answer.
+    expect(find.byIcon(Icons.volume_up_outlined), findsNothing);
+
+    await tester.tap(find.widgetWithText(OutlinedButton, 'ready'));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    // Once the answer is in: the prompt turns into the spelling, which now
+    // stands beside the option that was picked, and the word can be played.
+    expect(find.text('ready'), findsNWidgets(2));
+    expect(find.byIcon(Icons.volume_up_outlined), findsOneWidget);
+    expect(state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!.step, 3);
+  });
+
+  testWidgets('a wrong pick tells the learner the meaning', (tester) async {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-ready');
+    await tester.pumpWidget(MaterialApp(home: WordsPage(state: state)));
+    await tester.tap(find.text('开始认词'));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    final wrong = state.todayWordPlan.first.options.firstWhere(
+      (option) => option != '准备好',
+    );
+    await tester.tap(find.widgetWithText(OutlinedButton, wrong));
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(state.wordKnowledge['t-ready']!.misses, 1);
+    expect(find.textContaining('准备好'), findsWidgets);
+  });
+}

kouyu_english/test/review_ai_check_test.dart

@@ -106,6 +106,13 @@ void main() {
         skill: '回忆表达',
       ),
     );
+    state.mastery['A0-P12'] = const MasteryItem(
+      id: 'A0-P12',
+      label: "I'm from …",
+      status: MasteryStatus.recall,
+      evidence: [],
+      checkpoint: 1,
+    );
     final content = jsonEncode({
       'schemaVersion': 'writing-feedback-1',
       'verdict': 'rewrite',

kouyu_english/test/review_schedule_test.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/app_state.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/courses/courses.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/models.dart';
+
+/// Learning engine 2.2/2.2a/3.1: the same-day recall, the recognition step in
+/// front of the first checkpoint, the daily review budget, and the re-ask of
+/// an item missed earlier in the session.
+void main() {
+  ReviewItem due(String id) => ReviewItem(
+    id: id,
+    target: coreItemEnglish(id),
+    prompt: coreReviewTemplate(id).prompt,
+    hint: coreItemEnglish(id),
+    dueAt: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(hours: 1)),
+    skill: '回忆表达',
+  );
+
+  test('a same-day recap is scheduled for later today, not immediately', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.scheduleSameDayRecap(['A0-W36']);
+    final recap = state.reviewQueue.singleWhere(
+      (item) => item.kind == ReviewKind.recap,
+    );
+    final now = DateTime.now();
+    expect(recap.dueAt.isAfter(now), isTrue);
+    // 「同一天」指的是隔几小时再提取一次，不是明天再说。深夜学习时它会落在
+    // 次日凌晨，那仍然是同一轮学习，所以这里比的是间隔而不是日历日。
+    expect(recap.dueAt.difference(now).inMinutes, closeTo(120, 2));
+    // It is not offered until it comes due: the point is the delay.
+    expect(state.dueRecaps, isEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('finishing a same-day recap advances no checkpoint', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.reviewQueue.add(
+      due('A0-W36').copyWith(kind: ReviewKind.recap, dueAt: DateTime.now()),
+    );
+    state.completeReview(state.dueRecaps.single, assisted: false);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-W36']?.checkpoint ?? 0, 0);
+    expect(state.reviewQueue.where((i) => i.kind == ReviewKind.recap), isEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('missing a same-day recap is not a language failure', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.reviewQueue.add(
+      due('A0-W36').copyWith(kind: ReviewKind.recap, dueAt: DateTime.now()),
+    );
+    state.reportReviewFailure(state.dueRecaps.single);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-W36']?.needsReview ?? false, isFalse);
+    expect(state.dueRecaps, isEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('the first checkpoint opens with a recognition question', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final item = due('A0-W36');
+    state.reviewQueue.add(item);
+    expect(state.needsRecognitionGate(item), isTrue);
+    expect(recognitionDistractors('A0-W36'), isNotEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('passing recognition records 认识 but no checkpoint', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final item = due('A0-W36');
+    state.reviewQueue.add(item);
+    state.recordRecognitionGate(item, correct: true);
+    final mastery = state.mastery['A0-W36']!;
+    expect(mastery.checkpoint, 0);
+    expect(mastery.status, MasteryStatus.recognize);
+    // The checkpoint is still earned by producing the item afterwards.
+    state.completeReview(state.dueReviews.single, assisted: false);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-W36']!.checkpoint, 1);
+  });
+
+  test('a recognition miss does not count against the item', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final item = due('A0-W36');
+    state.reviewQueue.add(item);
+    state.recordRecognitionGate(item, correct: false);
+    final mastery = state.mastery['A0-W36']!;
+    expect(mastery.needsReview, isFalse);
+    expect(mastery.checkpoint, 0);
+  });
+
+  test('a recognition success survives rebuilding mastery from evidence', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final item = due('A0-W36');
+    state.reviewQueue.add(item);
+    state.recordRecognitionGate(item, correct: true);
+    state.rebuildMasteryFromEvidence();
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-W36']!.checkpoint, 0);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-W36']!.status, MasteryStatus.recognize);
+  });
+
+  test('due reviews beyond the daily budget wait, they are not dropped', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.dailyMinutes = 20;
+    for (final id in a0CoreItems.keys.take(10)) {
+      state.reviewQueue.add(due(id));
+    }
+    expect(state.dueReviews.length, 10);
+    expect(state.todayReviewPlan.length, 5);
+    expect(state.postponedReviewCount, 5);
+    // Nothing was rescheduled behind the learner's back.
+    expect(state.dueReviews.length, 10);
+  });
+
+  test('a missed item comes back later in the same session', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.dailyMinutes = 20;
+    state.reviewQueue.add(due('A0-W36'));
+    state.reviewQueue.add(due('A0-W37'));
+    state.reportReviewFailure(state.dueReviews.first);
+    final session = state.reviewSession;
+    // The retry is asked after the other due tasks, not straight away.
+    expect(session.first.id, 'A0-W37');
+    expect(session.last.id, 'A0-W36');
+    expect(session.last.kind, ReviewKind.recap);
+
+    final checkpointBefore = state.mastery['A0-W36']!.checkpoint;
+    state.completeReview(session.last, assisted: false);
+    // The retry is practice: the real check still happens tomorrow.
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-W36']!.checkpoint, checkpointBefore);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-W36']!.needsReview, isTrue);
+  });
+}

kouyu_english/test/sentence_analysis_test.dart

@@ -169,14 +169,16 @@ void main() {
           contextSentence: "I'd like to check in please.",
         );
 
-        expect(state.reviewQueue.any((r) => r.target == 'check in'), isTrue);
+        // Learning engine 3.5: a saved phrase is an extension word. It is
-        final saved = state.reviewQueue.firstWhere(
+        // recognition-only, so it goes to the word list, not the checkpoint
-          (r) => r.target == 'check in',
+        // queue where it would be asked to be produced.
+        expect(state.reviewQueue, isEmpty);
+        final id = state.savedWords.keys.singleWhere(
+          (key) => state.savedWords[key]!.en == 'check in',
         );
-
+        expect(state.savedWords[id]!.zh, contains('办理登机或入住'));
-        expect(saved.hint, contains('办理登机或入住'));
+        expect(state.savedWords[id]!.zh, contains('酒店机场高频词'));
-        expect(saved.hint, contains('酒店机场高频词'));
+        expect(state.wordStatus(id), WordStatus.newWord);
-        expect(saved.prompt, "I'd like to check in please.");
       },
     );
   });
@@ -234,19 +236,20 @@ void main() {
       expect(find.text('重点短语与搭配 (1)'), findsOneWidget);
       expect(find.text('departure gate'), findsOneWidget);
       expect(find.text('登机口'), findsOneWidget);
-      expect(find.text('加复习'), findsOneWidget);
+      expect(find.text('加到单词'), findsOneWidget);
 
-      // Scroll to '加复习' and tap
+      // Scroll to '加到单词' and tap
-      await tester.ensureVisible(find.text('加复习'));
+      await tester.ensureVisible(find.text('加到单词'));
       await tester.pumpAndSettle();
-      await tester.tap(find.text('加复习'));
+      await tester.tap(find.text('加到单词'));
       await tester.pumpAndSettle();
 
       expect(
-        state.reviewQueue.any((r) => r.target == 'departure gate'),
+        state.savedWords.values.any((word) => word.en == 'departure gate'),
         isTrue,
       );
-      expect(find.text('已在复习'), findsOneWidget);
+      expect(state.reviewQueue, isEmpty);
+      expect(find.text('已在单词'), findsOneWidget);
     });
   });
 }

kouyu_english/test/usage_contrast_test.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
+import 'package:flutter/services.dart';
+import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/app_state.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/courses/courses.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/models.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/features/review/review_page.dart';
+
+/// Knowing what a sentence means is not knowing when to say it. The packs
+/// carry that as `usage`; these cover what the app does with it — learning
+/// engine 3.1 (what counts as which evidence) and 3.5 (recognition inside a
+/// situation).
+void main() {
+  ReviewItem due(String id) => ReviewItem(
+    id: id,
+    target: coreItemEnglish(id),
+    prompt: coreReviewTemplate(id).prompt,
+    hint: coreItemEnglish(id),
+    dueAt: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(hours: 1)),
+    skill: '回忆表达',
+  );
+
+  test('the pack says when a pattern is used and what it is confused with', () {
+    final usage = coreUsage('A0-P02')!;
+    expect(usage.when, isNotEmpty);
+    expect(usage.reply, isNotEmpty);
+    expect(
+      usage.confuse.map((entry) => entry.id),
+      contains('A0-P05'),
+      reason: 'What\'s your name? 和 How are you? 正是分不清的那一对',
+    );
+  });
+
+  test('a contrast question asks which sentence the situation calls for', () {
+    final question = coreContrastQuestion('A0-P02')!;
+    expect(question.situation, coreUsage('A0-P02')!.when);
+    expect(question.answer, coreItemSpoken('A0-P02'));
+    expect(question.options, contains(coreItemSpoken('A0-P05')));
+    expect(question.note, isNotEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('an untaught confusable is left out of the question', () {
+    // `How are you?` is taught two units later than `What's your name?`, so
+    // on the day P02 is first reviewed it is not a choice the learner could
+    // make sense of. Its same-unit partner still is.
+    final early = coreContrastQuestion('A0-P02', isTaught: (_) => false)!;
+    expect(early.options, isNot(contains(coreItemSpoken('A0-P05'))));
+    expect(early.options, contains(coreItemSpoken('A0-P01')));
+    // Once the learner has met it, it is the option worth offering.
+    final later = coreContrastQuestion(
+      'A0-P02',
+      isTaught: (id) => id == 'A0-P05',
+    )!;
+    expect(later.options, contains(coreItemSpoken('A0-P05')));
+  });
+
+  test('a contrast question never offers more than three sentences', () {
+    // `What's your name?` is confused with three other taught sentences.
+    expect(coreUsage('A0-P02')!.confuse.length, greaterThan(2));
+    expect(coreContrastQuestion('A0-P02')!.options, hasLength(3));
+  });
+
+  test('answering a contrast question records 认识, not a checkpoint', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final item = due('A0-P02');
+    state.reviewQueue.add(item);
+    state.recordContrastAnswer(item, correct: true);
+    final mastery = state.mastery['A0-P02']!;
+    expect(mastery.status, MasteryStatus.recognize);
+    expect(mastery.checkpoint, 0);
+    // It is not recall either: the learner picked the sentence, not said it.
+    expect(mastery.status, isNot(MasteryStatus.recall));
+  });
+
+  test('a contrast answer survives rebuilding mastery from evidence', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final item = due('A0-P02');
+    state.reviewQueue.add(item);
+    state.recordContrastAnswer(item, correct: true);
+    state.rebuildMasteryFromEvidence();
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-P02']!.checkpoint, 0);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-P02']!.status, MasteryStatus.recognize);
+  });
+
+  test('the contrast question cannot undo the miss that led to it', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final item = due('A0-P02');
+    state.reviewQueue.add(item);
+    state.reportReviewFailure(item);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-P02']!.needsReview, isTrue);
+    state.recordContrastAnswer(item, correct: true);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-P02']!.needsReview, isTrue);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-P02']!.checkpoint, 0);
+  });
+
+  test('getting the contrast wrong is not a language failure', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final item = due('A0-P02');
+    state.reviewQueue.add(item);
+    state.recordContrastAnswer(item, correct: false);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-P02']!.needsReview, isFalse);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-P02']!.checkpoint, 0);
+  });
+
+  testWidgets('a miss opens the explanation, then the contrast question', (
+    tester,
+  ) async {
+    final messenger = tester.binding.defaultBinaryMessenger;
+    for (final name in const [
+      'com.llfbandit.record/messages',
+      'xyz.luan/audioplayers',
+      'xyz.luan/audioplayers.global',
+    ]) {
+      messenger.setMockMethodCallHandler(MethodChannel(name), (_) async => null);
+    }
+    messenger.setMockStreamHandler(
+      const EventChannel('xyz.luan/audioplayers.global/events'),
+      MockStreamHandler.inline(onListen: (_, _) {}),
+    );
+    final reportError = FlutterError.onError;
+    FlutterError.onError = (details) {
+      if (details.exception is! MissingPluginException) {
+        reportError?.call(details);
+      }
+    };
+    addTearDown(() => FlutterError.onError = reportError);
+
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.reviewQueue.add(due('A0-P02'));
+    // Past the first checkpoint, so the review opens on the production task
+    // rather than the recognition question.
+    state.mastery['A0-P02'] = const MasteryItem(
+      id: 'A0-P02',
+      label: "What's your name?",
+      status: MasteryStatus.recall,
+      evidence: [],
+      checkpoint: 1,
+    );
+    await tester.pumpWidget(
+      MaterialApp(
+        home: Scaffold(
+          body: ReviewPage(
+            state: state,
+            onFinished: () {},
+            onOpenAdaptiveLesson: () {},
+          ),
+        ),
+      ),
+    );
+
+    final giveUp = find.text('暂时想不起来');
+    await tester.ensureVisible(giveUp);
+    await tester.tap(giveUp);
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+
+    expect(find.text('先弄清楚什么时候用'), findsOneWidget);
+    expect(find.textContaining(coreUsage('A0-P02')!.when), findsWidgets);
+
+    final checkpointAfterMiss = state.mastery['A0-P02']!.checkpoint;
+    final wrong = find.widgetWithText(
+      OutlinedButton,
+      coreItemSpoken('A0-P01'),
+    );
+    await tester.ensureVisible(wrong);
+    await tester.tap(wrong);
+    await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+    // The answer is named and the difference explained, and the miss stands.
+    expect(
+      find.textContaining('这里要说 ${coreItemSpoken('A0-P02')}'),
+      findsOneWidget,
+    );
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-P02']!.needsReview, isTrue);
+    expect(state.mastery['A0-P02']!.checkpoint, checkpointAfterMiss);
+  });
+}

kouyu_english/test/word_bank_test.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/app_state.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/courses/courses.dart';
+import 'package:kouyu_english/core/models.dart';
+
+/// The word bank exists so vocabulary is not capped by lesson progress: a
+/// learner still on A0 must have words to recognise from the first day.
+void main() {
+  TestWidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
+
+  setUp(() async {
+    clearCoreItems();
+    WordBank.instance.resetForTest();
+    await WordBank.instance.load();
+  });
+
+  tearDown(() {
+    clearCoreItems();
+    WordBank.instance.resetForTest();
+  });
+
+  test('the bank carries a few thousand words with gloss and IPA', () {
+    final ids = receptiveWordRegistry.keys.where(
+      (id) => WordBank.isBankUnit(receptiveWordRegistry[id]!.unit),
+    );
+    expect(ids.length, greaterThan(2000));
+    for (final id in ids) {
+      expect(wordEnglish(id), isNotEmpty, reason: id);
+      expect(wordMeaning(id), isNotEmpty, reason: id);
+    }
+    final withIpa = ids.where((id) => wordIpa(id).isNotEmpty);
+    expect(withIpa.length / ids.length, greaterThan(0.98));
+  });
+
+  test('every level pool is filed under its own unit', () {
+    final units = receptiveWordRegistry.values
+        .map((word) => word.unit)
+        .where(WordBank.isBankUnit)
+        .toSet();
+    expect(units, containsAll(['bank-A1', 'bank-A2', 'bank-B1']));
+    expect(WordBank.levelOfUnit('bank-A2'), 'A2');
+  });
+
+  test('new words are handed out by spoken frequency, not alphabetically', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final first = state.unstartedBankWords.take(12);
+    final words = first.map(wordEnglish).toList();
+    // Alphabetical order would open with `a.m.`, `ability`, `able`.
+    expect(words, contains('know'));
+    expect(words.first, isNot('a.m.'));
+    final ranks = first.map(WordBank.instance.rankOf).toList();
+    expect(ranks, orderedEquals(ranks.toList()..sort()));
+  });
+
+  test('almost every word has a real frequency rank', () {
+    final ids = receptiveWordRegistry.keys.where(
+      (id) => WordBank.isBankUnit(receptiveWordRegistry[id]!.unit),
+    );
+    final ranked = ids.where(
+      (id) => WordBank.instance.rankOf(id) != WordBank.unranked,
+    );
+    expect(ranked.length / ids.length, greaterThan(0.99));
+  });
+
+  test('a fresh learner has bank words waiting and none started', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    expect(state.wordKnowledge, isEmpty);
+    expect(state.unstartedBankWordCount, greaterThan(2000));
+    expect(state.wordSessionPreviewSize, state.newWordsPerDay);
+  });
+
+  test('a round hands out new bank words, easiest level first', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final plan = state.wordSession(size: 5);
+    expect(plan, hasLength(5));
+    for (final question in plan) {
+      expect(question.options, contains(question.answer));
+      expect(question.options, hasLength(3));
+      expect(receptiveWordRegistry[question.id]!.level, 'A1');
+      expect(state.wordStatus(question.id), WordStatus.newWord);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('the day has a cap on how many new words the bank starts', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    expect(state.newWordsPerDay, 15, reason: 'the 20-minute default');
+    final first = state.wordSession(size: 20);
+    expect(first, hasLength(15), reason: 'a round stops at the cap');
+    expect(state.newWordQuota, 0);
+    // A second round adds nothing new. It re-offers the same words, which is
+    // right: a round left half-finished should be finishable.
+    final second = state.wordSession(size: 20);
+    expect(second.map((q) => q.id), first.map((q) => q.id));
+    expect(state.newWordsStartedToday, 15);
+  });
+
+  test('the cap follows the daily time budget', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.setDailyMinutes(10);
+    expect(state.newWordsPerDay, 8);
+    expect(state.wordSession(size: 20), hasLength(8));
+    state.setDailyMinutes(30);
+    // The cap moved, so the rest of today's allowance opens up.
+    expect(state.newWordQuota, 12);
+  });
+
+  test('what is due is asked even after the new-word cap is used up', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final started = state.wordSession(size: 20);
+    expect(state.newWordQuota, 0);
+    for (final question in started.take(3)) {
+      state.recordWordRecognition(question.id, correct: false);
+    }
+    // Missed words are due tomorrow, so nothing is due right now -- but the
+    // cap must not be what is stopping them.
+    state.wordKnowledge[started.first.id] = state
+        .wordKnowledge[started.first.id]!
+        .copyWith(dueAt: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(hours: 1)));
+    final next = state.wordSession(size: 20);
+    expect(next.map((q) => q.id), contains(started.first.id));
+  });
+
+  test('answering a new word does not give the cap back', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    for (final question in state.wordSession(size: 20)) {
+      state.recordWordRecognition(question.id, correct: true);
+    }
+    // Answering is what a round is for; if it cleared the word off today's
+    // count, one sitting could start the bank's whole A1 list.
+    expect(state.newWordsStartedToday, 15);
+    expect(state.newWordQuota, 0);
+    expect(state.wordSession(size: 20), isEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('a word started today counts against the cap after a reload', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.wordSession(size: 5);
+    final restored = AppState()..restoreForTest(state.snapshotForTest());
+    expect(restored.newWordsStartedToday, 5);
+    expect(restored.newWordQuota, 10);
+  });
+
+  test('a word handed out once is not handed out again next round', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final first = state.wordSession(size: 5).map((q) => q.id).toSet();
+    for (final id in first) {
+      state.recordWordRecognition(id, correct: true);
+    }
+    final second = state.wordSession(size: 5).map((q) => q.id).toSet();
+    expect(second.intersection(first), isEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('a missed word waits for tomorrow instead of the same round', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final missed = state.wordSession(size: 3).map((q) => q.id).toSet();
+    for (final id in missed) {
+      state.recordWordRecognition(id, correct: false);
+    }
+    final next = state.wordSession(size: 10).map((q) => q.id).toSet();
+    expect(next.intersection(missed), isEmpty);
+    expect(state.shakyWords.toSet(), missed);
+  });
+
+  test('a word met in a unit is asked before a new one from the bank', () {
+    registerSavedWord('t-unit', en: 'ready', zh: '准备好', level: 'A0');
+    final state = AppState();
+    state.meetWord('t-unit');
+    expect(state.wordSession(size: 4).first.id, 't-unit');
+  });
+
+  test('bank words stay out of the checkpoint queue and mastery', () {
+    final state = AppState();
+    final plan = state.wordSession(size: 3);
+    for (final question in plan) {
+      state.recordWordRecognition(question.id, correct: false);
+    }
+    expect(state.reviewQueue, isEmpty);
+    expect(state.mastery, isEmpty);
+  });
+
+  test('every word carries an example sentence with its Chinese', () {
+    final ids = receptiveWordRegistry.keys.where(
+      (id) => WordBank.isBankUnit(receptiveWordRegistry[id]!.unit),
+    );
+    for (final id in ids) {
+      final sample = WordBank.instance.exampleOf(id);
+      expect(sample, isNotNull, reason: id);
+      expect(sample!.en, isNotEmpty, reason: id);
+      expect(sample.zh, isNotEmpty, reason: id);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('a gloss is short enough to be a quiz option', () {
+    final glosses = receptiveWordRegistry.entries
+        .where((entry) => WordBank.isBankUnit(entry.value.unit))
+        .map((entry) => entry.value.zh);
+    for (final gloss in glosses) {
+      expect(gloss.length, lessThanOrEqualTo(10), reason: gloss);
+      expect(gloss, isNot(contains('（')), reason: gloss);
+      expect(gloss, isNot(contains('(')), reason: gloss);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('extra senses are kept aside from the quiz answer', () {
+    final withMore = receptiveWordRegistry.keys.where(
+      (id) => WordBank.instance.moreSenses(id).isNotEmpty,
+    );
+    expect(withMore, isNotEmpty);
+    for (final id in withMore.take(50)) {
+      expect(
+        WordBank.instance.moreSenses(id).split('；'),
+        isNot(contains(wordMeaning(id))),
+      );
+    }
+  });
+}

kouyu_english/tool/words/DATA-NOTE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# 词库数据来源与许可
+
+`assets/words/wordbank.json` 由两份来源合成，两份的地位不同，处置方式也不同。
+
+## 1. 等级与词表范围：CEFR-J Vocabulary Profile 1.5
+
+- 决定**哪些词进词库、算哪一级**。
+- 登记在 `tool/courses/lexicon/SOURCES.md`（版本、下载地址、SHA-256、许可原文），
+  与 `tool/courses/pools/{a1,a2,b1}-word-pool.csv` 的生成用的是同一份数据。
+- CEFR-J 本身**只有分级，没有释义、音标、例句、词频** —— 它是分级表，不是词典。
+
+## 2. 音标：公开词书（有许可风险，未解决）
+
+- 来源：<https://github.com/lilinji/English>，由 `tool/words/fetch.sh` 下载其中的
+  入门级词书（KET、PET、小学/初中教材词表）。
+- 许可：仓库标 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0，README 自称「整理自公开来源，仅供个人学习，严禁商用」。
+  上游权利不明，**低于本项目 `SOURCES.md` 对课程数据的标准**。
+- 结论：**自用、不分发，风险基本为零；一旦要分发或上架，这部分必须换掉。**
+  换的时候只需要替换音标一列 —— 词表范围和等级由 CEFR-J 决定，释义和例句已经由 AI 重写，
+  都不受影响。
+
+## 3. 释义与例句：AI 重写（deepseek-flash）
+
+- `tool/words/enrich_wordbank.py` 把词书释义当**参考**喂给模型，明确告诉它词书质量不稳定、
+  可以推翻；模型返回主释义、次要义项、一个例句和例句中文。
+- `tool/words/apply_enrichment.py` 校验后合并：释义为空、带括号、超过 10 个字的一律丢弃，
+  保留词书原值。实际全部 2748 条都通过了校验。
+- 结果缓存在 `ENRICH_CACHE` 指定的 jsonl 里，按 id 去重，中断可续跑，不会重复付费。
+- 一次全量：输入约 10 万 token，输出约 63 万 token（模型会先推理，输出占大头）。
+
+## 4. 词频：OpenSubtitles 计数（MIT）
+
+- 来源：<https://github.com/hermitdave/FrequencyWords> 的 `content/2018/en/en_50k.txt`，
+  仓库 MIT 许可，计数来自 OpenSubtitles 字幕语料。
+- 决定**新词按什么顺序发给用户**。同等级内从最常用的开始，不按字母序。
+- 为什么不用网页语料：先试了 `first20hours/google-10000-english`（公共领域），
+  对词库只有 78% 覆盖，缺的全是 `ankle`、`ambulance`、`asleep`、`aspirin` 这类日常词 ——
+  网页语料对口语词覆盖不好。字幕语料覆盖 97%，缺的只有 `bus stop` 这类多词短语。
+- 多词短语取组成词里**最罕见**那个词的名次：短语不会比它最难的组成词更容易。
+- `tool/words/add_frequency.py` 把名次写进 `rank` 字段；表里完全查不到的 11 个词
+  排在本等级末尾。
+
+排序效果：
+
+| 等级 | 前 12 个词 |
+| --- | --- |
+| A1 | no not know just there here like get go right out about |
+| A2 | it yeah even first name ever enough understand next dead actually bit |
+| B1 | working rest able stupid sometimes sort serious scared hang bet beat calm |
+
+## 合成规则
+
+`tool/words/build_wordbank.py`：
+
+1. 读 `tool/courses/pools/*-word-pool.csv`，只取 `status == pool` 且非虚词的词条；
+2. 词书里的词只有落在词池里才进词库，**词书不能往词库里加词**；
+3. 释义按词性拆分，优先匹配 CEFR-J 标注的词性，丢掉 `[美俚]` `<美>` 这类限定义项，
+   去掉全部括号，每个义项取第一个逗号项；
+4. 第一个义项进 `zh`（选择题答案），其余进 `more`（只在词条详情里显示）；
+5. `add_frequency.py` 最后写入 `rank`，决定发放顺序。
+
+## 现状
+
+| 项 | 数值 |
+| --- | --- |
+| 词条总数 | 2748（A1 807 / A2 912 / B1 1029）|
+| A1 词池覆盖 | 807 / 828 = 97% |
+| A2 词池覆盖 | 912 / 1065 = 86% |
+| B1 词池覆盖 | 1029 / 1557 = 66% |
+| 有例句 | 2748（100%）|
+| 有词频名次 | 2737（99.6%）|
+| 有次要义项 | 2304 |
+| 无音标 | 37 条 |
+
+规格 5.4 要求覆盖率 ≥85%：A1、A2 达标，**B1 偏低**，因为只下了入门级词书，
+补 B1 需要再下四六级一类的中高级词书。
+
+## 释义缺陷的处置
+
+词书原始数据有相当一部分词条只收了罕见义，规则清洗修不掉，全部由 AI 重写解决：
+
+| 词 | 词书原值 | 现值 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| ticket | 加标签于；指派 | 票（次要义：罚单）|
+| it | 信息技术information technology | 它 |
+| check | 制止；检验 | 检查（次要义：核对；支票）|
+| accept | 承认；同意；承兑 | 接受（次要义：同意）|
+
+`apply_enrichment.py` 还会打印一份「需要人眼看一下」的例句清单：它用词干前缀判断例句里
+是否真的用到了这个词，而 `teach → taught`、`bus stop` 这类变形和词组它判断不了，
+所以只报告、不丢弃。最近一次是 9 条，全部核对无误。

kouyu_english/tool/words/add_frequency.py

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+"""Writes a frequency rank onto every bank word.
+
+Without this the bank is handed out in alphabetical order, so the first two
+weeks are nothing but words starting with `a`. Rank 0 is the most common word.
+
+A multi-word entry (`bus stop`, `air conditioning`) is not in a word frequency
+list at all, so it takes the rank of its rarest part: a phrase is no easier
+than the hardest word in it.
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+BANK = os.path.join(ROOT, 'assets/words/wordbank.json')
+
+# Words the list does not have at all go last, but stay in their level.
+UNRANKED = 99999
+
+
+def load_ranks(path):
+    ranks = {}
+    with open(path) as handle:
+        for position, line in enumerate(handle):
+            parts = line.split()
+            if len(parts) == 2:
+                ranks.setdefault(parts[0], position)
+    return ranks
+
+
+def rank_of(word, ranks):
+    direct = ranks.get(word.lower())
+    if direct is not None:
+        return direct
+    parts = [re.sub(r"[^a-z']", '', part) for part in word.lower().split()]
+    parts = [part for part in parts if part]
+    found = [ranks[part] for part in parts if part in ranks]
+    if len(found) == len(parts) and found:
+        return max(found)
+    return UNRANKED
+
+
+def main():
+    frequency = sys.argv[1]
+    ranks = load_ranks(frequency)
+    with open(BANK) as handle:
+        bank = json.load(handle)
+    unranked = 0
+    for word in bank['words']:
+        rank = rank_of(word['en'], ranks)
+        word['rank'] = rank
+        if rank == UNRANKED:
+            unranked += 1
+    with open(BANK, 'w') as handle:
+        json.dump(bank, handle, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(',', ':'))
+        handle.write('\n')
+    print('ranked %d, unranked %d' % (len(bank['words']) - unranked, unranked))
+    for level in ('A1', 'A2', 'B1'):
+        words = sorted(
+            (w for w in bank['words'] if w['level'] == level),
+            key=lambda w: w['rank'],
+        )
+        print('%s first 12: %s' % (level, ' '.join(w['en'] for w in words[:12])))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

kouyu_english/tool/words/apply_enrichment.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+"""Merges the AI rewrite back into assets/words/wordbank.json.
+
+Anything the model returned is checked before it lands: a gloss that is empty,
+parenthesised or sentence-long is worse than the word book's version, so the
+old value is kept and reported instead of being written over.
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+BANK = os.path.join(ROOT, 'assets/words/wordbank.json')
+
+BAD_GLOSS = re.compile(r'[()（）\[\]【】<>]')
+
+
+def usable_gloss(text):
+    text = (text or '').strip()
+    return bool(text) and len(text) <= 10 and not BAD_GLOSS.search(text)
+
+
+def mentions(word, sentence):
+    """Whether the sentence visibly uses the word.
+
+    This cannot be a hard check: `teach` shows up as "taught" and `bus stop`
+    as two words, so a prefix match has no way to confirm them. It only flags
+    a sentence as worth a human glance -- nothing is dropped over it.
+    """
+    parts = [re.sub(r'[^a-z]', '', part) for part in word.lower().split()]
+    stem = max(parts, key=len)[:3]
+    return bool(stem) and stem in sentence.lower()
+
+
+def main():
+    cache_path = os.environ.get(
+        'ENRICH_CACHE', os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), 'enrich_cache.jsonl')
+    )
+    rows = {}
+    with open(cache_path) as handle:
+        for line in handle:
+            row = json.loads(line)
+            rows[row['id']] = row
+    with open(BANK) as handle:
+        bank = json.load(handle)
+
+    kept = {'gloss': 0, 'example': 0, 'missing': 0, 'bad_gloss': 0, 'no_example': 0}
+    unclear = []
+    for word in bank['words']:
+        row = rows.get(word['id'])
+        if row is None:
+            kept['missing'] += 1
+            continue
+        if usable_gloss(row.get('zh')):
+            word['zh'] = row['zh'].strip()
+            more = (row.get('more') or '').strip()
+            senses = [s for s in more.split('；') if usable_gloss(s) and s != word['zh']]
+            if senses:
+                word['more'] = '；'.join(senses[:2])
+            else:
+                word.pop('more', None)
+            kept['gloss'] += 1
+        else:
+            kept['bad_gloss'] += 1
+        sentence = (row.get('ex') or '').strip()
+        if not sentence:
+            kept['no_example'] += 1
+            continue
+        word['ex'] = sentence
+        word['exZh'] = (row.get('ex_zh') or '').strip()
+        kept['example'] += 1
+        if not mentions(word['en'], sentence):
+            unclear.append('%s | %s' % (word['en'], sentence))
+
+    print(json.dumps(kept, indent=2))
+    if unclear:
+        print('%d sentences to eyeball:' % len(unclear))
+        for line in unclear:
+            print('  ' + line)
+    if '--dry-run' in sys.argv:
+        return
+    bank['source'] = (
+        'CEFR-J Vocabulary Profile 1.5 (levels) + 公开词书 (音标) + AI 重写 (释义与例句)'
+    )
+    with open(BANK, 'w') as handle:
+        json.dump(bank, handle, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(',', ':'))
+        handle.write('\n')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

kouyu_english/tool/words/build_wordbank.py

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+"""Builds an independent word bank: CEFR-J decides which words and at what
+level, the downloaded word books supply the IPA and the Chinese gloss.
+
+CEFR-J carries no glosses at all, so nothing here overrides it -- a word only
+enters the bank if the level pool already contains it.
+"""
+import csv, glob, json, os, re, sys
+import openpyxl
+
+POOLS = '/Users/shenlei/Work/English/kouyu_english/tool/courses/pools'
+
+# The books write parts of speech as `n.` / `vt.`; CEFR-J spells them out.
+POS_MAP = {
+    'n': 'noun', 'pron': 'pronoun', 'v': 'verb', 'vt': 'verb', 'vi': 'verb',
+    'aux': 'verb', 'modal': 'verb', 'adj': 'adjective', 'adv': 'adverb',
+    'prep': 'preposition', 'conj': 'conjunction', 'art': 'determiner',
+    'det': 'determiner', 'num': 'number', 'int': 'interjection',
+}
+
+
+def load_pool():
+    """{word form: (headword, pos set, level)} for A1..B1, content words only."""
+    pool = {}
+    for level in ('A1', 'A2', 'B1'):
+        for row in csv.DictReader(open(f'{POOLS}/{level.lower()}-word-pool.csv')):
+            if row.get('status') != 'pool' or row.get('function_word') == 'yes':
+                continue
+            head = row['headword'].strip()
+            for form in re.split(r'[/,]', head):
+                form = form.strip().lower()
+                if not form:
+                    continue
+                entry = pool.setdefault(form, {'headword': head, 'pos': set(), 'level': level})
+                if row.get('pos'):
+                    entry['pos'].add(row['pos'].strip())
+    return pool
+
+
+def clean_gloss(raw, wanted_pos):
+    """Picks one part of speech out of a stacked gloss and splits it into senses a
+    beginner needs. The books ship dictionary dumps: `apple` arrives as
+    "苹果，苹果树，苹果似的东西；[美俚]炸弹，手榴弹..."."""
+    if not raw:
+        return ''
+    lines = [l.strip() for l in str(raw).split('\n') if l.strip()]
+    picked = None
+    for line in lines:
+        m = re.match(r'^([a-z]+)\.\s*(.+)$', line, re.I)
+        if not m:
+            continue
+        pos = POS_MAP.get(m.group(1).lower())
+        if pos and wanted_pos and pos in wanted_pos:
+            picked = m.group(2)
+            break
+        if picked is None:
+            picked = m.group(2)
+    if picked is None:
+        picked = lines[0]
+    senses = []
+    for sense in re.split(r'[；;]', picked):
+        sense = sense.strip()
+        # `[美俚]炸弹` and `<美>支票` are register labels on a sense a learner
+        # will never need; drop the whole sense, not just the label.
+        if re.match(r'^\s*[\[<【]', sense):
+            continue
+        sense = re.sub(r'[（(][^）)]*[）)]', '', sense)
+        sense = re.sub(r'[\[【][^\]】]*[\]】]', '', sense)
+        # "苹果，苹果树，苹果似的东西" is one sense listed three ways.
+        sense = re.split(r'[，,]', sense)[0].strip(' 。.、')
+        if sense:
+            senses.append(sense)
+    return list(dict.fromkeys(senses))[:3]
+
+
+def main():
+    pool = load_pool()
+    bank, seen, skipped = {}, 0, 0
+    for path in sorted(glob.glob('src/*.xlsx')):
+        source = os.path.basename(path)
+        wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(path, read_only=True)
+        for row in wb.worksheets[0].iter_rows(min_row=2, values_only=True):
+            if not row or not row[0]:
+                continue
+            seen += 1
+            word = str(row[0]).strip()
+            key = word.lower()
+            hit = pool.get(key)
+            if hit is None:
+                skipped += 1
+                continue
+            senses = clean_gloss(row[3] if len(row) > 3 else '', hit['pos'])
+            if not senses:
+                skipped += 1
+                continue
+            uk = str(row[1] or '').strip()
+            us = str(row[2] or '').strip()
+            prev = bank.get(key)
+            # Keep the first hit, but let a later book fill in a missing IPA.
+            if prev:
+                if not prev['ipa'] and (us or uk):
+                    prev['ipa'] = us or uk
+                continue
+            bank[key] = {
+                'id': 'V-' + re.sub(r'[^a-z0-9]+', '-', key).strip('-'),
+                'en': word,
+                # One sense is what a quiz option should say; the rest are kept
+                # for the word's detail line.
+                'zh': senses[0],
+                'more': '；'.join(senses[1:]),
+                'ipa': us or uk,
+                'level': hit['level'], 'source': source,
+            }
+        wb.close()
+
+    out = [bank[k] for k in sorted(bank)]
+    json.dump(out, open('wordbank.json', 'w'), ensure_ascii=False, indent=1)
+
+    from collections import Counter
+    by_level = Counter(w['level'] for w in out)
+    print(f'读入词条 {seen}，未匹配/丢弃 {skipped}')
+    print(f'词库产出 {len(out)}  ' + '  '.join(f'{k} {by_level[k]}' for k in ('A1', 'A2', 'B1')))
+    for level in ('A1', 'A2', 'B1'):
+        total = len({f for f, v in pool.items() if v['level'] == level})
+        print(f'  {level} 词池覆盖 {by_level[level]}/{total} = {by_level[level]/total:.0%}')
+    print(f'  无音标 {sum(1 for w in out if not w["ipa"])}')
+    print('\n样例:')
+    for w in out[:8]:
+        print(f'  {w["en"]:12} {w["ipa"]:18} {w["zh"]:10} [{w["level"]}] {w["more"]}')
+
+
+main()

kouyu_english/tool/words/enrich_wordbank.py

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+"""Rewrites the Chinese gloss of every bank word and gives it an example
+sentence, using the AI service configured in assets/config/ai_config.json.
+
+The downloaded word books are a dictionary dump: some entries carry only a rare
+sense (`ticket` as a verb and nothing else), some are unusable as a quiz answer.
+Cleaning rules cannot invent the missing sense, so the model rewrites the gloss
+outright, with the book's version passed only as a hint it may overrule.
+
+Results are cached one JSON object per line, so an interrupted run resumes
+instead of paying for the same words twice.
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+BANK = os.path.join(ROOT, 'assets/words/wordbank.json')
+CONFIG = os.path.join(ROOT, 'assets/config/ai_config.json')
+
+# A word the model reasons about at length can truncate its whole batch; set
+# ENRICH_BATCH smaller to pick those stragglers up on a second run.
+BATCH = int(os.environ.get('ENRICH_BATCH', '12'))
+WORKERS = 8
+RETRIES = 3
+
+SYSTEM = """你在为一个中国成年人用的英语学习 App 整理词库。对每个词输出：
+
+- zh：最常用的那一个中文释义。2 到 6 个字，不要词性标注，不要括号，不要罗列同义词。
+- more：其他常用义，最多 2 个，用「；」分隔；没有别的常用义就给空字符串。
+- ex：一个英文例句。日常口语场景，6 到 12 个词，必须用到 zh 所指的那个义项，
+  句中其他词不要超过这个词的 CEFR 等级。
+- ex_zh：例句的中文翻译，说人话，不要翻译腔。
+
+输入里的「参考」来自一份质量不稳定的词书：有的只收了罕见义，有的缺了最常用的义项。
+不要盲从，以你自己对这个词最常用义的判断为准。
+
+只输出 JSON 数组，每个元素形如
+{"id":"...","zh":"...","more":"...","ex":"...","ex_zh":"..."}
+不要输出任何别的文字，不要用 markdown 代码块。"""
+
+
+def load_config():
+    with open(CONFIG) as handle:
+        return json.load(handle)
+
+
+def call(config, prompt):
+    """One chat completion, through curl: this machine's Python does not trust
+    the local certificate chain but curl does."""
+    body = {
+        'model': config['model'],
+        'messages': [
+            {'role': 'system', 'content': SYSTEM},
+            {'role': 'user', 'content': prompt},
+        ],
+        'temperature': 0.3,
+        # The configured model reasons before it answers, and those tokens come
+        # out of the same budget -- a tight cap truncates the JSON mid-array.
+        'max_tokens': 8000,
+    }
+    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile('w', suffix='.json', delete=False) as payload:
+        json.dump(body, payload, ensure_ascii=False)
+        path = payload.name
+    # The key goes through stdin, never argv, so it stays out of the process list.
+    conf = (
+        'url = "%s/v1/chat/completions"\n'
+        'header = "Authorization: Bearer %s"\n'
+        'header = "Content-Type: application/json"\n'
+        'data-binary = "@%s"\n'
+        'max-time = 300\n'
+    ) % (config['endpoint'].rstrip('/'), config['apiKey'], path)
+    try:
+        done = subprocess.run(
+            ['curl', '-sS', '--config', '-'], input=conf, capture_output=True, text=True
+        )
+    finally:
+        os.unlink(path)
+    if done.returncode != 0:
+        raise RuntimeError(done.stderr[:200])
+    answer = json.loads(done.stdout)
+    if 'choices' not in answer:
+        raise RuntimeError(done.stdout[:200])
+    choice = answer['choices'][0]
+    if choice.get('finish_reason') == 'length':
+        raise RuntimeError('truncated at max_tokens')
+    return choice['message']['content'], answer.get('usage', {})
+
+
+def parse(text):
+    """The model is told to return bare JSON; strip a code fence when it adds one."""
+    text = text.strip()
+    if text.startswith('```'):
+        text = text.split('\n', 1)[1].rsplit('```', 1)[0]
+    start, end = text.find('['), text.rfind(']')
+    if start < 0 or end < 0:
+        raise ValueError(text[:200])
+    return json.loads(text[start : end + 1])
+
+
+def ask(config, batch):
+    lines = [
+        '%s | %s | %s | 参考：%s'
+        % (word['id'], word['en'], word['level'], '；'.join(
+            filter(None, [word.get('zh', ''), word.get('more', '')])) or '（无）')
+        for word in batch
+    ]
+    text, usage = call(config, '\n'.join(lines))
+    wanted = {word['id'] for word in batch}
+    rows = [row for row in parse(text) if row.get('id') in wanted]
+    return rows, usage
+
+
+def main():
+    limit = int(sys.argv[1]) if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 0
+    cache_path = os.environ.get('ENRICH_CACHE', os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), 'enrich_cache.jsonl'))
+    done = {}
+    if os.path.exists(cache_path):
+        with open(cache_path) as handle:
+            for line in handle:
+                row = json.loads(line)
+                done[row['id']] = row
+    with open(BANK) as handle:
+        bank = json.load(handle)
+    todo = [word for word in bank['words'] if word['id'] not in done]
+    if limit:
+        todo = todo[:limit]
+    print('cached %d, to do %d' % (len(done), len(todo)), flush=True)
+
+    config = load_config()
+    batches = [todo[i : i + BATCH] for i in range(0, len(todo), BATCH)]
+    spent = {'in': 0, 'out': 0, 'fail': 0}
+    with open(cache_path, 'a') as cache:
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=WORKERS) as pool:
+            for index, result in enumerate(pool.map(lambda b: safe(config, b), batches)):
+                rows, usage, error = result
+                if error:
+                    spent['fail'] += 1
+                    print('  batch %d failed: %s' % (index, error), flush=True)
+                    continue
+                for row in rows:
+                    cache.write(json.dumps(row, ensure_ascii=False) + '\n')
+                cache.flush()
+                spent['in'] += usage.get('prompt_tokens', 0)
+                spent['out'] += usage.get('completion_tokens', 0)
+                if index % 10 == 0:
+                    print('  %d/%d batches' % (index + 1, len(batches)), flush=True)
+    print('tokens in %d out %d, failed batches %d' % (spent['in'], spent['out'], spent['fail']))
+    print('cache: %s' % cache_path)
+
+
+def safe(config, batch):
+    """Retries a batch a few times; a truncated or malformed answer is common
+    enough that giving up on the first one would leave holes everywhere."""
+    last = 'no attempt'
+    for attempt in range(RETRIES):
+        try:
+            rows, usage = ask(config, batch)
+            if rows:
+                return rows, usage, None
+            last = 'empty result'
+        except Exception as error:
+            last = '%s: %s' % (type(error).__name__, error)
+    return [], {}, last
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

kouyu_english/tool/words/fetch.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Downloads the beginner-level word books. The repo is CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 and its
+# own README calls the contents "compiled from public sources, personal use
+# only" -- see the note in DATA-NOTE.md before shipping any of this.
+set -u
+BASE="https://github.com/lilinji/English/raw/main"
+enc() { python3 -c "import urllib.parse,sys;print(urllib.parse.quote(sys.argv[1]))" "$1"; }
+get() {
+  local path="$1" out="src/$2"
+  [ -s "$out" ] && { echo "  已有 $2"; return; }
+  curl -sL -o "$out" "$BASE/$(enc "$path")"
+  if [ -s "$out" ] && head -c2 "$out" | grep -q PK; then echo "  取得 $2 ($(wc -c <"$out") 字节)"
+  else echo "  失败 $2"; rm -f "$out"; fi
+}
+echo "剑桥 KET/PET:"
+get "9.其他（更多）/14天攻克KET核心词汇.xlsx"      ket-core.xlsx
+get "9.其他（更多）/KET核心词 巧记速练.xlsx"        ket-drill.xlsx
+get "9.其他（更多）/21天攻克PET核心词汇.xlsx"       pet-core.xlsx
+get "9.其他（更多）/PET核心词 巧记速练.xlsx"        pet-drill.xlsx
+get "9.其他（更多）/突破英文基础词汇.xlsx"          basic.xlsx
+echo "人教版小学:"
+for g in 一 二 三 四 五 六; do
+  for t in 上 下; do
+    get "1.全国各大教材版本中小学同步/人教版/人教版一年级起点${g}年级${t}.xlsx" "rj-p1-${g}${t}.xlsx"
+  done
+done
+echo "人教版初中(七年级):"
+get "1.全国各大教材版本中小学同步/人教版/人教版初中英语七年级上册.xlsx" rj-m7a.xlsx
+get "1.全国各大教材版本中小学同步/人教版/人教版初中英语七年级下册.xlsx" rj-m7b.xlsx
+
+# Word frequency, for the order new words are handed out in. These are
+# OpenSubtitles counts, i.e. spoken language: a web corpus ranks `ankle` and
+# `asleep` far below where a learner of spoken English needs them.
+# hermitdave/FrequencyWords is MIT, a cleaner licence than the word books above.
+echo "词频表:"
+if [ -s src/en_50k.txt ]; then
+  echo "  已有 en_50k.txt"
+else
+  curl -sL -o src/en_50k.txt \
+    "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hermitdave/FrequencyWords/master/content/2018/en/en_50k.txt"
+  echo "  取得 en_50k.txt ($(wc -l <src/en_50k.txt) 行)"
+fi